1. David Sadava H. Craig Heller Gordon H. Orians William K. Purves David M. Hillis Biologia.blu C – Il corpo umano Nervous System

2. Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
The telencephalon consists of two cerebral hemispheres and is also called the cerebrum.
An evolutionary trend in which the telencephalon increases in size and complexity in vertebrates is telencephalization.
In humans, the telencephalon is the largest brain region and is involved in sensory perception, learning, memory, and behavior.

3. Cerebral hemispheres are dominant in mammals.
Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
Cerebral hemispheres are dominant in mammals.
Cerebral cortex – a sheet of gray matter covering each hemisphere that is convoluted to fit into the skull.
Gyri: (sing. gyrus) ridges of the cortex.
Sulci: (sing. sulcus) valleys of the cortex.

4. Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
The human cerebrum (part 1)

5. Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
The human cerebrum (part 2)

6. Regions of the cerebral cortex have specific functions.
Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
Regions of the cerebral cortex have specific functions.
Association cortex is made up of areas that integrate or associate sensory information or memories.
Four cortical lobes:
temporal
frontal
parietal
occipital

7. Temporal lobe receives and processes auditory information.
Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
Temporal lobe receives and processes auditory information.
Association areas of the temporal lobe involve:
Identification
object naming
recognition

8. central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes;
Nervous System - How is the mammalian nervous system organized?
Frontal Lobe:
central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes;
primary motor cortex is located in front of the central sulcus and controls muscles in specific body areas.
Association areas involve:
planning
personality

9. Spoken language input flows from auditory cortex to Wernicke’s area.
Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms?
Spoken language input flows from auditory cortex to Wernicke’s area.
Written language input flows from the visual cortex to the angular gyrus to Wernicke’s area.
Speech commands are formulated in Wernicke’s area, travel to Broca’s area, and then to the primary motor cortex for production.
Brain imaging shows metabolic differences in brain regions using language.

10. Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms?
The lateralization of language functions shows that 97 percent occurs in the left brain hemisphere.
Brain hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, a bundle of axons.
An aphasia is a deficit in the ability to use or understand words; occurs after damage to the left hemisphere.

11. Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms?
Imaging techniques reveal active parts of the brain

12. Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms?
Language areas of the cerebral cortex

13. Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms?
Language areas:
Broca’s area located in the frontal lobe, damage results in slow or lost speech but a person can read and understand language;
Wernicke’s area is in the temporal lobe, damage results in an inability to speak sensibly, as written or spoken language is not understood, a person may still be able to produce speech;
angular gyrus is adjacent area essential for integrating spoken and written language.