Chapter 1: Meet three of Canada’s First Nations Our Canada

Similar and Different? Nations can be alike and different at the same time. Compare Canada and the United States Same Different

Group Work Mi’kmaq – Haudenosaunee- Anishinabe- 7G – SOCIAL Ginny, Megan, Shanoah - ECONOMIC Christeena, Sheena, Joel, Brianna 7M – SOCIAL Naomi, Ethan, Lauren - ECONOMIC Ashley, Madison, Riley, Valeria Haudenosaunee- 7G – SOCIAL Kourin, Katie, Logan - ECONOMIC Alex M., Airrick, Jamie, Ben 7M –SOCIAL Danielle, Kole, Roarke - ECONOMIC James, Myles, Owen, Christine Anishinabe- 7G – SOCIAL Matthew, Kassandra, Salo - ECONOMIC Alex O., Sarah, Kirsten, Cleary 7M – SOCIAL Justin, Sean, Madeline - ECONOMIC William, Haley, Jessica

What to do?? Read the stories relating to your first nations group. You will be responsible for teaching the rest of the class about the Social and Economic Structure of your First Nations Tribe. You will read and research first. You will gather information to fill in your chart. When we finish, we will present our findings to the class. Work as a group!

Mi’kma q Economic Structure Examples of how the society used the land. Divided into districts (7) Fishing, hunting, gathering Used poles and bark to build Wigwam (home) Dug their own ponds for farm fresh water fish Wood: Toboggans, canoes, medicine bark Rocks to make cooking vessels Evergreen branches to make mattresses Nomadic: moved from the coast in the summer to the forests in the winter THEY DID NOT CHANGE THE LAND TO SUIT THEIR NEEDS….THEY FIT THEIR WAY OF LIFE TO THE OPPORTUNITIES THE LAND OFFERED.

Mi’kmaq Economic Structure Examples of technologies the society used: Snowshoes for harsh weather conditions Used implements for collecting sap Used canoes for river navigation and ocean travel Used toboggan to transport goods Made netting to catch fish Wigwams were transportable (could pack up and move to new location) Make storage bins from porcupine quills

Mi’kmaq Social Structure Examples of how the society made decisions: Grand Council (men, council of 7 districts) People agreed on plans Chosen leader called Saquamaw Council of Elders; they are a group of people that chose and advised leaders

Mi’kmaq Social Structure Examples of the role of women in decision making: Women sat in meetings but did not have a say A woman could be in the council of elders if they were respected One job was to cook Women were responsible for setting up camp Tended crops MEN AND WOMEN REGARDED EACH OTHERS ROLES AS EQUALLY IMPORTANT IN THE SURVIVAL OF THE GROUP.

Mi’kmaq Social Structure Examples of the role of men in decision making: Had to kill a big game animal to participate in meetings If they were respected enough they could be chosen for Council of Elders or Grand Council They were the hunters

Anishinabe Economic Structure Examples of how the society used the land: Food, forts ceremonies, hunting Harvested rice, collected berries, plants and medicine Fishing wild sturgeon Collected maple sap from the trees, made maple syrup Canoes from birch bark Used river for travelling and trade Wooden beads for Wampum Belts, also shells from river banks TOOK ONLY WHAT THEY NEEDED AS THEY BELIEVED CREATION REPAID THIS REPSECT BY CONSTANTLY RENEWING ITSELF.

Anishinabe Economic Structure Examples of technologies the society used: Waterproof wood Longbows and arrows for hunting Implements to collect skin and maple sap Stick to beat the wheat stacks. Harpoons and nets for fishing Poler and knocker to gather rice

Anishinabe Social Structure Examples of how the society made decisions: Consensus (all had to agree) Split into clans, became a part of your fathers clan Crane clan =leadership Fish = teachers or educators Bear = Police or Peacekeepers Hoof = Community Needs Marten = Defense Bird = Spiritual Guidance and needs Ogimauh was the leader of the Anishinabe Decisions centered around respectful relationships with people, animals, land, sky…everything Wampum belt held by speaker All people expressed concerns

Anishinabe Social Structure Examples of the role of women in decision making: Sat in circle during decision making, could voice concerns Raised children Cleaned cooked Harvested berries Equal part in clan life, little to do with final decisions

Anishinabe Social Structure Examples of the role of men in decision making Leaders of clan Provided and hunted food for clan members Involved in ALL decision making They were responsible for marrying children off to settle disputes Sat in circles for every meeting

Haudenosaunee Economic Structure Examples of how the society used the land: Trees to make canoes, bows, etc Maple trees for syrup Shells for Wampum Belts Bushes for berries Hunting, fishing, gathering food Baskets for cleaning berries and food Longhouses built of wood and elm bark Cornfields Grew corn, beans and squash….aka “Three Sisters” Year round settlements, but would move when the soil was depleted of nutrients Fish heads to fertilize the soil.

Haudenosaunee Economic Structure Examples of technologies the society used: Arrows made from wood Weapons made from rocks and wood Baskets made from wood used to wash kernels of corn that later made soup.

Haudenosaunee Social Structure Examples of how the society made decisions Clan mothers made final decisions Peacemaker to prevent wars Great Law of Peace Elders used decisions from past Signed Treaties to make final decisions Allegiance Grand Council 50 Chiefs to make decisions Weapons go under a peace treaty so no war can come about Hoyaneh is the leader under the Clan Mother Strength in unity, weakness in division Leaders did not control or influence, they only listened (chosen because they were good listeners)

Haudenosaunee Social Structure Examples of the role of women in decision making Clan Mothers voted for decisions Women did not vote, but could express interests and opinions to men Could hunt and gather Women planted crops Clan mothers looked after all children and groomed the next generation of leaders. Made leather moccasins for men.

Haudenosaunee Social Structure Examples of the role of men in decision making: Men voted to support other interests All chiefs were men Men in Grand Council Peacemaker was also male Men could only vote Hoyaneh made final decision 50 chiefs were men Had to prove themselves by sitting in a tall tree that was cut down. The tree would fall into a deep ravine, if the boy returned unharmed, he was deemed a man and worthy of leadership.