Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, disease exchanged between Old and New Worlds New World Beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, (syphilis?) Old World Sugar, pigs, horses, smallpox, measles, guns

Triangular Trade

Effects of Interaction 2/3 of Native Americans die, mostly from disease (high estimates as much as 90%) Spanish exploit empires for precious metals Labor Encomienda System  forced labor in towns (Hacienda in rural) Grants of land and natives in exchange owner had to care for people Slavery instituted Africans imported after using indigenous people fails Missionary System  forced conversion to Catholicism Indians viewed as heathens Spanish goal to Christianize New World

Changing of Guard Spain’s internal political and religious stability allowed it to expand overseas Looked for quick profits Led to inflation Gold supply increased 500% External problems caused European confrontation British privateers (supported by Elizabeth I) attacked Spanish ships Sir Francis Drake Protestant Reformation (see Split of Ch. Slide) 1588 Spanish Armada sent to Great Britain (religious reasons) Defeat allowed British and Dutch to expand their exploration Spain’s navy was no longer strong enough to completely block other countries expansion

Split of Christianity Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Christianity Methodist Lutheran (1517) Mormon Anglican Baptist Episcopal Blue = Protestant faiths

Early British Settlement Newfoundland 1497 John Cabot Under Henry VII but political disunity under Henry VIII disrupted until Elizabeth I stabilized Roanoke Island 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh Disappeared by the time resupply ships arrived in 1590 Jamestown 1607 London Company (joint-stock co.) Few workers, and too little emphasis on agriculture led to 50% death during first winter Too much emphasis on gold and too many gentlemen John Smith’s leadership and Native help saved colony Tobacco as a cash crop saved the colony John Rolfe (Pocohontas) Labor intensive crop Indentured servants 1619 first African slaves 1600-1640 about 80,000 people settled Charter revoked by James I in 1624

France 1500s European wars and religious issues caused it to lag early explorers until 1600s