The Writers of the "Lost Generation" 김민규, 김재식 장이현, 이명화

C O N T E N T S 1. What is the "Lost Generation”? 2. F. SCOTT FITZGERALD 3. ERNEST HEMINGWAY 4. JOHN DOS PASSOS 5. WILLIAM FAULKNER 6. E.E. CUMMINGS

What is the "Lost Generation”? In the post-World War I period. The phrase was coined by Gertrude Stein (spoken to Hemingway) : “You are all a lost generation.” Group of American writers in the Post-World War I era who were : To reject the values of American materialism To seek the Bohemian lifestyle in Paris All pioneered new ways of writing, rebelling against the traditional Victorian literary style. Included writers F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, William Faulkner, E .E. Cummings and Hart Crane.

F. SCOTT FITZGERALD (1896-1940) Born/Death : 1896~1940 Academic career : Princeton University After first novel, This Side of Paradise famous, wealth, married ··· The reason of his fiction’s popularity modern and easy to read Secure place in American literature The Great Gatsby The best of his short stories Flappers and Philosophers Tales of the Jazz Age

F. SCOTT FITZGERALD (1896-1940) Fitzerald's Works This Side of Paradise (1920) The Great Gatsby (1995) Babylon Revisited (1931) Tender Is the Night (1934) It describes this new generation. The Diamond as Big as the Ritz. According to one critic, The Great Gatsby is "a symbolist tragedy.“ Gatsby symbolize the America belief that money can buy love and happiness. one of his late short stores, describes the Lost Generation after its moral and economic collapse. It uses his experience with his wife's mental illness.

ERNEST HEMINGWAY (1898~1961) He also spoke for the Lost Generation. He drove an ambulance in World War I and then decided to stay in Paris and become a writer. His first novel ,The Sun Also Rises (1926) is a portrait of young adults in the post-war era. It symbolize how all of the characters have been damaged by the war. In later writings, Hemingway develops this emptiness into the important concept of "nada" ("nothingness" in Spanish ). Sometimes we see this Nada as the loss of hope or the inability to become active in the real world At other times, it is the desire for sleep, or even an easy death. In 1952, The Old Man and the Sea received the Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel prize for Literature. As he entered his own old age, he felt his powers as an artist failing In 1961, he shot himself with his favorite hunting gun.

Ernest Hemingway's Works in our time (1924) and Men Without Women (1927) : His early short story collection. Big Two-Hearted River (1925) , The Sun Also Rises (1926) A Farewell to Arms (1929) about the tragic love affair of an American soldier and an English nurse during the war. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) It deepens this idea into a moral system. The hero ,Robert Jordan, is fighting against fascism in the Spanish Civil War. His experiences teach him to believe in the value of sacrifice. Each individual is a part of a whole: mankind Love becomes a wonderful, mysterious: "One and is one." At first, he learns this through love for a woman. But at the end, as he lies dying, he discovers a similar "union" with nature and the earth. Jordan has learned about the power of love - a new theme for Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea (1952) It is a strong work . Again the themes are heroism, stoicism and ceremony. This short , simple novel is a beautiful allegory of human life. In 1952, The Old Man and the Sea received the Pulitzer Prize.

John Dos Passos (1896~1970) He drove an ambulance during World War I . His One Man's Initiation-1917 (1920) was the first American novel about that war. Because it was written immediately after the war it is rather emotional, and is filled with hatred for all war. His Three Soldiers (1921) is less personal and has a broader, more historical view. It tells several different stories at the same time. It shows war as a huge machine which destroys individuals. Like other members of the Lost Generation , Dos Passos saw the modern , post-war world as ugly and dirty. To Dos Passos , only art , and the invention of new artistic styles ("modernism"), could save the world. Dos Passos's first successful "modernist" novel was Manhattan Transfer (1925). Covering the period from 1900 to World War I, it describes the daily lives of a large number of New Yorkers. Pieces of popular songs are mixed with newspaper headlines and phrases from advertisements. The people often talk in a special poetic style, as in the writings of James Joyce. Dos Passos has been influenced by the techniques of the movies. For example, he uses the "montage techniques" of film directors like Griffith and Eisenstein. Manhattan Transfer tried to show the purposelessness of history . The 42nd Parallel The trilogy tries to show how individuals are part of the history of the age in which they live.

John Dos Passos (1896~1970) John Dos Passos's Works One Man's Initiation (1917) Three Soldiers (1921) Manhattan Transfer(1925) Trilogy, 1919 (1932) The Big Money (1936) It describes War I as "the plot of the big interests" the third of the trilogy , describes post-war America, when "society has gone mad with greed" . In all three books, his descriptions are extremely sharp and clear. This makes his books quite easy to read. He is not telling the story of individuals, but of a whole era. Everyone is "damaged by the modern experience ". They show the loss of meaning which is the "modern condition."

WILLIAM FAULKNER (1897~1962) Faulkner shared two things with the Lost Generation : its strong dislike for the post-war world and its belief in the value of art. His fist novel, Soldiers' Pay (1926), is about a wounded soldier who returns home to the "wasteland" of post-war society. His second novel, Mosquitoes (1927), is a rather dull tale about artists and art lovers in New Orleans in the twenties. Faulkner's third novel , Sartoris (1929) , shows a big change in his thinking. He decided that his own "little postage stamp of sail" in Mississippi "was worth writing about". His mythical Yoknapatawpha County became one of the most famous "mini-worlds" in twentieth-century literature. The Sound and the Fury (1929) is one of Faulkner's "modernist" masterpieces. Each of the four characters sees reality only in his or her own way. Faulkner's special technique of narration is another feature. The reader is put into the center of the story without any preparation. In almost all of Faulkner's stories, time is treated in a special way. Past, present and future events are mixed. Absalom, Absalom! (1936) is Faulkner's last truly "modernist" novel. Like all the other novels, this one is set in Yoknapatawpha County. While his work was published regularly starting in the mid 1920s, Faulkner was relatively unknown. before receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature. Since then, he has often been cited as one of the most important writers in the history of American literature.

E.E. CUMMINGS (1894~1962) Courage and love are central themes in the poetry of e.e. cummings. He was the most joyful poet of the Lost Generation. Cummings love to break the traditional poem into unusual bits and pieces. He also disliked the coldness of science. so he uses warm , human images to attack science. Cummings liberated the poetry of the twentieth century. He is remembered as a preeminent vice of 20th century poetry as well as one of the most popular. The Enormous Room (1922) Six nonlectures (1952) E.E Cummings Works

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