SPIRIT OF REFORM Unit Eight 1828-1845

Jacksonian America Changing Culture Reforming Society Abolition Themes

Explain how Jackson’s background influenced his ideas of democratic government. Describe how the nullification crisis sparked debate over states’ rights. Generalize Andrew Jackson’s policy toward the Cherokee people. Analyze the attack on the Second Bank of the United States on the US economy. Explain the rise of the Whig party. Jacksonian America

New Era in Politics new class of voters voting requirement Political system became more democratic government became more inclusive ordinary people voting requirement People’s President spoil system caucus system national nominating convention New Era in Politics

Nullification Crisis South Carolina Tariff of Abominations secession John C. Calhoun Hayne-Webster Debate Hayne – “Liberty first and Union afterward” Webster – “Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!” Jackson Tariff of 1832 ordinance of nullification Force Bill Compromise Nullification Crisis

Native American Policy views reflected the opinion of many westerners intention to move all Native Americans to the Great Plains Indian Removal Act Cherokee Worcester v. Georgia “Marshall has made his decision… now let him enforce” Trail of Tears (1838) Native American Policy

like many Westerners and working people, Jackson was suspicious of the National Bank stabilize the money supply charter bill mandate new political party Whigs Election of 1836 Panic of 1837 Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” John Tyler Administration “His Accidency” & “The President Without a Party” Webster-Ashburton Treaty National Bank

From which group of people did President Andrew Jackson gather most of his support? Why did South Carolina threaten to secede in the early 1800s? What actions did the Cherokee of Georgia take when they were ordered to resettle in the West? Who opposed the policies of the Second Bank of the United States? What issue helped the Whig candidate win the presidency in 1840? Questions

Explain the goals of the different groups active in the Second Great Awakening. Identify the key ideas of romanticism and two important romantic thinkers or writers. Analyze why nativism increased in the US during the 1800’s. Describe the rise of utopian societies during the 1800s. Changing Culture

Immigration religion, art, & literature five million immigrants (1815-1860) violence, political turmoil, starvation Ireland Germans nativism anti-Catholic American Party (1854) – Know Nothings Immigration

traditional Protestantism experienced dramatic revival Second Great Awakening man has the capacity for choosing God rejection of Calvinism frontier farms Charles Grandison Finney New Religious Groups Unitarians Universalists Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Religious Revival

Literary Renaissance optimism about human nature romanticism transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau American Writers Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allan Poe Poets Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Literary Renaissance

optimism about human nature and a belief in people’s ability to redefine their lives belief that society tended to corrupt human nature marked by cooperative living & absence of private property Brook Farm Shakers Utopian Communities

How did many Americans react to the influx of immigrants to the United States in the mid-1800s? What religious groups emerged during the time of the Second Great Awakening? Why did the early 1800s see the emergence of mass newspapers? Why did some people in the mid 1800s form utopian communities? Questions

Analyze the connection between religious and social reform. List major areas of society that reformers set out to improve. Reforming Society

Reform Spirit Dorothea Dix sweeping prison reform & special institutions for the mentally ill convinced twelve states to reform stemmed from religious fervor & power of individuals to improve themselves & their world Lyman Beecher benevolent societies role of women Reform Spirit

Institutional Reform Temperance Movement Prison Reform cause American Temperance Union local option laws Prison Reform rehabilitation Penitentiaries Education Reform democratic republic can only survive with a well informed and educated public Horace Mann normal schools Three R’s Calvin Wiley Women’s Education Emma Willard Mary Lyon Elizabeth Blackwell Institutional Reform

Women’s Movement Industrial Revolution “True Womanhood” two spheres or work models of piety & virtue Catherine Beecher – “A Treatise on Domestic Economy” Seneca Falls Convention Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women’s Movement

Questions Why did some reformers advocate temperance? What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention? Questions

Abolitionist Movement List groups involved in the early abolitionist movement. Analyze how Northerners and Southerners viewed abolitionism. Abolitionist Movement

Early Opposition to Slavery movement started in the 1830’s – most divisive issue religious opposition early antislavery societies generally supported an approach known gradualism American Colonization Society racism Liberia Early Opposition to Slavery

New Abolitionists abolition began in the 1830s Second Great Awakening David Walker William Lloyd Garrison Liberator complete emancipation Other Abolitionists Theodore Weld Sara and Angelina Grimke Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth New Abolitionists

Public Response North South wide range of views dangerous threat to the economy slave recapture South defensive “peculiar institution”, “national benefit” gag rule Public Response

Questions Why was colonization not a realistic solution to slavery? Why did abolitionism begin to gain support in the 1830’s? What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement? Questions