8.1 Introduction 1. **What items were found in the tomb of King Tutankhaten? _________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a** mummy? __________________________________________________________ 3. Why did pharaohs have great monuments built?__________________________________

What was the role of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt? Ancient Egypt and Its Rulers 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. What was the role of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt? They were _____________, ________________ , and ____________________________ Pharaohs owned the _________and responsible for _______________________________ Egyptians believed pharaohs were ____________________ Pharaohs built ______________ to glorify their __________ and ____________________

Kingdom: __________________________ 8.3 Pharaoh Khufu: The Pyramid Builder Kingdom: __________________________ Dates ruled: ________________________ What kind of ruler was he? Important accomplishments: established _________________________ kept strict control____________________ declared __________________________ builder of the ______________________________ Pyramid Facts: Height: __________________ Made of more than __________________________ How long to build? _________________________ Current theory most Egyptologists feel as to how the Great Pyramid was built. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ One of the seven wonders of the ancient world

Kingdom: __________________________ 8.4 Pharaoh Senusret I: Patron (supporter) of the Arts Kingdom: __________________________ Dates ruled: ________________________ What kind of ruler was he? Important accomplishments: in the arts: _______________________________ in literature: ______________________________ in architecture: __________________________ ________________________________________ White Chapel facts: Made of __________________________ __________ ___________ decorated the ___________________ ___________ White Chapel originally covered in __________________________________ How was it discovered by archeologists? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Kingdom: __________________________ 8.5 Pharaoh Hatshepsut: Promoter of Egyptian Trade Kingdom: __________________________ Dates ruled: ________________________ What was unique about her rule? How did she stay in power? appointed _____________________________ _____________________________________ demanded ____________________________ What was Hatshepsut known for? _________________________________________ Temple at Dayr al-Bahri Built directly into _______________ Outside the temple were ____________ __________________ Inside the temple were___________ _______________ ________________

Kingdom: __________________________ 8.6 Pharaoh Ramses II: Military Leader and Master Builder Kingdom: __________________________ Dates ruled: ________________________ 1. Ramses the II also known as ______________________. WHY? At the age of 10, Ramses was _________________ ________________________________________ He had more than __________________________ Ramses was also a ______________________. He and the ______________ signed ____________ Temple Complex at Abu Simbel At the front of the temple are ____________________ _______________________ ________________________ The temple was built so that ___________________ _________________________ Ramses demanded _____ In the 1960s, the entire temple was cut from the cliff side, moved to a higher location, and reassembled to save it from floods created by the dam built by the Egyptian government in the 1940s.

The White Chapel: What Does It Tell Us? HANDOUT A The White Chapel: What Does It Tell Us? The White Chapel was built for Senusret I’s first jubilee festival, which was a celebration of the pharaoh’s 30th year as ruler. On both sides, ramps and stairs led up to the small rectangular building. Senusret I himself may have sat inside the chapel during part of the festival. Six hundred years later, another pharaoh tore down this beautiful monument. He used the pieces to fill in one of the pylons, or sloped walls, of a monument he was building. Modern-day archaeologists would have never known about the White Chapel if not for an incredible stroke of luck. In 1924, Egyptian archaeologists decided to repair the monument in which the pieces of the White Chapel had been buried. While working at the site, archaeologists discovered the blocks of the White Chapel. Even though the blocks had been buried for thousands of years, the intricate carvings on them were generally in excellent condition. Using the broken sections of carvings like puzzle pieces, archaeologists were able to slowly reconstruct the White Chapel. With your partners, see if you can re-create the painstaking work done by these archaeologists. Try to put back together the broken pieces of one of the “carvings” from the White Chapel. After you have reassembled the carving, examine it and come up with a hypothesis about what it might represent. Remembering why the White Chapel was built in the first place may give you a clue. Hypothesis: Attach “carving” to paper. Annotate your “carving” with important details

For centuries, people have wondered how the ancient Egyptians were able to build the Great Pyramid. The Great Pyramid is more than 450 feet tall and constructed of more than 2 million huge blocks, many of which weigh 3 tons or more. Most scientists agree that the Great Pyramid was likely built in about 20 years. There have been several hypotheses put forth to explain how the Great Pyramid was built. With your partner, discuss which hypothesis you think best explains how the Great Pyramid was built. Be prepared to explain your answer. Hypothesis #1: Ancient Egyptians cut the huge stone blocks from the earth and dragged the blocks to the site of the pyramid. At the site, the blocks were pulled up a long, sloping ramp and then pushed into position on the pyramid. Hypothesis #2: Egyptians used local materials to create a cementlike substance, which workers carried up the pyramid. The cement was poured into a mold and mixed with water to form the huge blocks. These molds were placed directly on the pyramid so that when the mixture dried and the mold was removed, the block sat perfectly in place. Hypothesis #3: Extraterrestrials either built the Great Pyramid or gave technical knowledge to the ancient Egyptians for building it.

The Great Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel was one of the most amazing architectural achievements of the New Kingdom. Probably the most outstanding features of the temple are the four enormous statues of Ramses, some of which are more than six stories tall. This monument has survived for over 3,000 years. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government decided to build a new dam on the Nile River to generate electricity. Once the dam was built, water would back up behind the dam and bury the temple under hundreds of feet of water. The Egyptian government considered several different options for dealing with this problem. Option A: Abandon the project and do without the electricity that would have been provided to the Egyptian people. Option B: Find a new location for the dam, one that would not threaten to flood the Great Temple. Option C: Continue with the project, even if it meant flooding the Great Temple. Option D: Cut the entire temple away from the cliff side and move it to a higher location that would not be in the flood zone created by the dam. With your partner, discuss which option you would recommend to the Egyptian government. Be prepared to explain your answer.