Research Methods.

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Presentation transcript:

Research Methods

Naturalistic Observations Advantages Disadvantages

Survey Advantages Disadvantages

Case-Study Advantage Disadvantages Self-fulfilling Prophecy-

Experimental Method Advantages Disadvantages Can determine cause (independent variable) and effect (dependent variable) Disadvantages

The Scientific Method- Seven Steps in an Experiment ASK Question & Form a Hypothesis Example: Does Ritalin help children with ADHD? Hypothesis- Ritalin does help reduce negative classroom behaviors.

Scientific Method Cont. 2. Identify the treatments & define terms Independent variable (IV)- Dependent variable (DV)- Extraneous/Con-founding Variables- Placebo- Example: IV- amount of Ritalin DV- negative classroom behaviors

Scientific Method Cont. 3. Choose Subjects random selection- 4. Assign Subjects Randomly to Groups Experimental Group- Control Group-

Scientific Method Cont. 5. Manipulate Single-Blind, Double-Blind, or No-Blind? Pros of Double-Blind- reduces experimenter bias

Scientific Method Cont. 6. Measure- actually conduct the experiment 7. Analyze the results using statistics Example: ADHD children given placebo showed 9.8 negative behaviors/30min. ADHD children given ritalin showed 4.8 negative behaviors/30min.

Correlations Surveys, Natural Observations, & Case-studies can determine correlations Correlation indicates a relationship between variables Ex: Smoking & Cancer, High School GPA & College GPA, Moon & Odd Behavior

Positive v. Negative Correlations Positive- variables move in same direction (both increase or decrease) Negative- variables move in opposite direction

Identify the variables and if the correlation is positive or negative When it is hot outside more ice cream is sold. A group of over weight individuals noticed that the more they went to the gym, their weight decreased. The more a person flosses the fewer cavities they have. Tall people tend to have larger shoe sizes.

Correlation Coefficent number that indicated the STRENGTH of the relationship between two variables It is a number between (+1.0) and (-1.0) The closer the number to (+1) or (-1) the stronger the correlation 0= no correlation

Code of Ethics The APA code of ethics for psychologists to follow when doing research or counseling

Ethical Guidelines Signed Consent & volunteers Confidentiality Experiments are not approved unless any potentially damaging effects can be eliminated or counteracted Debriefing- explaining the purpose and method of the experiment asking the subjects their feelings about participating Rights of animals