1. Research Methods

2. Naturalistic Observations Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages

3. Survey Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages

4. Case-Study Advantage Advantage Disadvantages Disadvantages Self-fulfilling Prophecy-

5. Experimental Method Advantages Advantages Can determine cause (independent variable) and effect (dependent variable) Can determine cause (independent variable) and effect (dependent variable) Disadvantages Disadvantages

6. The Scientific Method- Seven Steps in an Experiment 1. ASK Question & Form a Hypothesis Example: Does Ritalin help children with ADHD? Example: Does Ritalin help children with ADHD? Hypothesis- Ritalin does help reduce negative classroom behaviors. Hypothesis- Ritalin does help reduce negative classroom behaviors.

8. Scientific Method Cont. 2. Identify the treatments & define terms Independent variable (IV)- Independent variable (IV)- Dependent variable (DV)- Dependent variable (DV)- Extraneous/Con- founding Variables- Extraneous/Con- founding Variables- Placebo- Placebo-Example: IV- amount of Ritalin IV- amount of Ritalin DV- negative classroom behaviors DV- negative classroom behaviors

9. Scientific Method Cont. 3. Choose Subjects random selection- random selection- 4. Assign Subjects Randomly to Groups Experimental Group- Experimental Group- Control Group- Control Group-

10. Scientific Method Cont. 5. Manipulate Single-Blind, Double-Blind, or No-Blind? Single-Blind, Double-Blind, or No-Blind? Pros of Double-Blind- reduces experimenter bias Pros of Double-Blind- reduces experimenter bias

11. Scientific Method Cont. 6. Measure- actually conduct the experiment 7. Analyze the results using statistics Example: ADHD children given placebo showed 9.8 negative behaviors/30min. ADHD children given ritalin showed 4.8 negative behaviors/30min.

12. Correlations Surveys, Natural Observations, & Case-studies can determine correlations Surveys, Natural Observations, & Case-studies can determine correlations Correlation indicates a relationship between variables Correlation indicates a relationship between variables Ex: Smoking & Cancer, High School GPA & College GPA, Moon & Odd Behavior

13. Positive v. Negative Correlations Positive- variables move in same direction (both increase or decrease) Positive- variables move in same direction (both increase or decrease) Negative- variables move in opposite direction Negative- variables move in opposite direction

14. Identify the variables and if the correlation is positive or negative When it is hot outside more ice cream is sold. A group of over weight individuals noticed that the more they went to the gym, their weight decreased. The more a person flosses the fewer cavities they have. Tall people tend to have larger shoe sizes.

15. Correlation Coefficent number that indicated the STRENGTH of the relationship between two variables It is a number between (+1.0) and (-1.0) The closer the number to (+1) or (-1) the stronger the correlation 0= no correlation

16. Code of Ethics The APA code of ethics for psychologists to follow when doing research or counseling

17. Ethical Guidelines Signed Consent & volunteers Signed Consent & volunteers Confidentiality Confidentiality Experiments are not approved unless any potentially damaging effects can be eliminated or counteracted Experiments are not approved unless any potentially damaging effects can be eliminated or counteracted Debriefing- explaining the purpose and method of the experiment asking the subjects their feelings about participating Debriefing- explaining the purpose and method of the experiment asking the subjects their feelings about participating Rights of animals Rights of animals