PV System Quality and Performance Suryacon- Jan. 2018, Pune Vaman Kuber Founder & CEO, Solar Systems Solutions (Sol2Sys), Pune

Contents Quality Design Aspects Electrical Design Highlights Safety and Protection Performance Monitoring Performance Optimization Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Plant Generation Generation 1500 kWh/m2 Performance 83.3% Insolation Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Governing Factors Generation Performance Ratio POA Insolation Plant Availability System Loss Factors Module Degradation Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Defining PR and CUF Rated Energy = Rated Array kWp x POA PSH Potential Energy = Rated Array kWp x (24 x 365) h Capacity utilization factor (CUF) : Generation (kWh) / Potential Energy (kWh) Rated Energy = Rated Array kWp x POA PSH Plant performance ratio (PR): Generation (kWh) / Rated Energy (kWh) Generation (kWh) = Rated Energy – Energy Losses Generation (kWh) = Rated Energy x PR PR independent of radiation, CUF radiation dependent CUF measure of plant utilization, suitable in evaluating location Both PR and CUF useful in technology selection at a given location PR-It is possible to compare the performance of various plants at different locations on a normalized – independent from climate conditions - level over a long period of time. Therefore only the design and the ability of the system to convert solar energy into electrical energy will be compared with each other. Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

System Loss Diagram Installation Operation Design No. of small loss components Requires attention to details-design to commissioning Module thermal loss accounts for 50% of plant losses Design Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Quality-a step ahead! Year on year performance for reduced LCOE Quality is key to long term performance Quality governs safety, reliability and durability Standards Compliance is a good start Quality Value Chain: Feasibility through to O&M Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Factors governing Quality Feasibility and Design Inputs Components Selection and QAP PV-Inverter-BoS Design Integration Installation and Test Processes Monitoring and Performance Evaluation Operation and Maintenance Practices Quality Checks, Feedback and Improvements Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Quality Design Aspects PV Module, Inverter and BoS Selection and QAP Plant & Array Layout: Tilt, Inter-row Spacing, Inverter Placement Safety & Protection: Human, Electrical, Grounding, LA, SPD Electrical Design: PV-Inverter, Cabling, Protection, Switchgear, Power Evacuation Structure Design: Wind Resistance, Material, Surface Treatment, Fasteners, pedestals Monitoring and Communication Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Quality Electrical Design Module Power and Current Mismatch PV-Inverter Sizing and Integration: Max. Power Point Voltage, Grounding, PID DC Overloading Inverter MPP Tracking and Conversion Efficiency, Thermal Design String level Monitoring Protection: Fuses, SPDs DC Cabling: Layout Optimization Sizing and Power Loss Terminations- Number and Quality AC Cable Sizing and Power Loss Safety & Protection Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Performance Monitoring Energy Generation, POA Radiation and Module back surface temperature Monitoring Daily, weekly, monthly and yearly performance evaluation Compare with estimates and make corrections The PR is also governed by installation, operation and maintenance conditions. Testing, continuous monitoring and optimization of PR is a key to the long-term success of a PV power plant. Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

500kWp Plant Performance Insolation Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Performance Evaluation DC Performance kWp DC Rating POA Insolation DC Energy Inverter Performance AC Performance kW AC Rating AC Energy Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Inverter Performance DC and AC energy generation Inverter power and energy efficiency Inverter Performance Ratio MPP input voltage, current and power String current Shading, soiling and connectivity Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

DC and AC Performance Thermal loss Soiling loss DC cable loss AC cable loss Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Shadow Analysis MPPT Input Monitoring Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Specific Generation Base Line Specific Generation POA Radiation and Expected Generation Quantify Effect of Dust Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Inverter Performance Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Inverter Generation Profiles Generation Loss Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Performance Optimization Low temp variation of module power Better response to low and diffuse light Reduced mismatch of modules Efficient module cleaning regime Improved MPPT efficiency Improved Inverter efficiency Optimized DC and AC cable lengths and size Reduced number of interconnections Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

System level Standards IEC 62548 - Installation and Safety requirements for photovoltaic (PV) arrays including DC array wiring, electrical protection devices, switching and earthing provisions. IEC 62446: 2009 - Grid connected PV systems – minimum requirements for system documentation, commissioning tests, and inspection. IEC 61724 - Photovoltaic system performance monitoring - Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis. IEC61727 – Characteristics of the Utility Interface of PV Systems CEA Technical Standard for Connectivity to Grid-2012 Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Safety & Protection IEC 62548: Installation and Safety requirements for PV Arrays String, Sub-array and Array Overcurrent Protection Device String, Sub-array and Array Disconnection Device String, Sub-array and Array Cable Sizing Equipotential Bonding and Protective Earthing Earth Leakage Monitoring and Protection System Earthing: IEC 62561-7 Lightning Arrestor: IS/IEC 62305-1, 2, 3 and 4 Surge Protection Devices: IEC 61643-11 (AC) and -31 (DC) Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Solar PV Project Life Cycle Pre Project Services Design and Engineering Component Selection Procurement Value Addition enhances Quality, Performance and Returns I&C Testing and Monitoring Performance Optimization O&M Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Quality Performance Returns Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Quality Packs Platinum Diamond Gold 5MW-500MW+ Ground/Utility 100kW-5MW Rooftop/Ground 1kW-100kW Rooftop Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Quality Pack Deliverables Platinum Diamond Gold Monitoring Compliance Quality Design Long term Performance Safety, I&C Compliance Quality BoS DC and AC Performance PV-Inverter Compliance Quality O&M Safety and Performance Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber

Conclusion Life Cycle Cost reduction by maximizing Generation Maximum Generation by optimizing performance Performance optimization by quality design integration, monitoring and feedback Sustainability achieved through Quality Value Chain Jan. 12, 2018 Vaman Kuber