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2. 2 PRODUCTS OF C.E.L Solar Photovoltaic Cells Solar Photovoltaic Modules Cathodic Protection Electronic Ceramics Railway Electronics Microwave Electronics

3. Solar System Components of Solar System 1. Solar Modules 2. Charge Controller 3. Battery / Battery Bank 4. Inverter 5. DC to DC Converter 1 3

4. 2 1. Charge Controller – between Solar Modules and Battery 2. Inverter – between battery and loads 3. DC to Dc Converter – between battery and load SOLAR ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS 4

5. 3 Two weaknesses of Lead Acid Battery : 1. Overcharging - damage the positive plates. Because of oxidation of mesh 2. If Discharging sulphates the plates of battery. To stop both the bad effects charge controller is used 5

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8. sum up: charge controller can serve the following Purpose: 1.Prevention of over charging of battery otherwise positive plate may damage due to gassing resulting reduction of life of battery. 2.Prevent deep discharge of battery otherwise sulfation may take place resulting in hardening of plates and no charging of battery. 3.Provide status information for users. 4.Serve as wiring centre to load terminals battery and solar module terminals 8 6

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10. 8 Customer has to provide the following specifications to Manufacturers to design a charge controller : 1. Battery voltage 2. PV maximum power 3. Load current 4. Cut-off and cut -in points for PV and load both 5. Status indicators 6. Meters ( current and voltage) 7. Profile of charging 8. Mechanical specifications 9. Climatic & atmospheric specifications 10. Mounting arrangement 10

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13. 11 Important Technical Features and Characteristics 1. Output power and surge power Maximum power rating of inverter depends upon the power rating of the switches like transistor, Mosfet & IGBT etc. For seconds till temperature rises inverter can bear the surge of 200 to 300 percent of rated power only 2. Output efficiency It depends upon switching loss of the transistors, wires, filters & transformer at the output. The presently high efficiency inverter available in the market of 94% efficiency. 3. Output wave form It depend upon the switching technique of the power transistors, pulsating types are easily manufactured not much complication of design and they are cheaper and easily available in the market but they affect the life of the appliances operated. 13

14. (12) Output voltage regulation --Load regulation -- Change in output voltage percentage when output load is changed from 0 to 100% and input voltage is nominal. --Line regulation -- Change in output voltage % ( when output load is 100%) when input voltage is varied from minimum voltage of the battery to maximum. 14

15. (13) Specifications of inverter When inverter is to be purchased the following specifications Are to be Provided to the manufacturer: 1.Input voltage, maximum input current and variations. 2.Output voltage, frequency, phase(3 phase or single phase),power and wave shape of the sine wave with tolerances. 3.Total harmonic distortion for output wave form. 4.Maximum surge power. 5.Indicators and meters. 6.Climatic and atmospheric variation. 7.Cooling method. 8.Mechanical features. 9.Size of container. 10.Protections ( electrical and mechanical). 15

16. 16 200 KWp Roof top power Plant at BKES, MANESHAR

17. 17 15 KWp Power Plant at teacher's training center, Seghnan, Afganistan

18. 18 Solar Powered Water Pumping System Installed in the "Khadrab Village”

19. 19 CEL’s Solar Street Light in Russel Industrial Estate, OMAN