Unit 2: language dispersal theories

Indo-European source theories Research of the Indo-European language has produced several theories about its source and diffusion: Conquest Theory: Indo European language began somewhere in the steppes of Ukraine & Russia and was spread by conquerors on horseback who moved westward

Indo-European source theories Agriculture Theory: Indo European language began somewhere in the mountainous, well watered area of Anatolia (modern day Turkey) and moved with agriculture for every generation, or 25 years, the agricultural frontier spread approximately 11 miles

Indo-European source theories Dispersal Theory: Indo-European language began somewhere in the Caucasus mountain region and dispersed eastward into present-day Iran and then westward around the Caspian Sea and into Europe

Renfrew Model British scholar Colin Renfrew proposed that there were actually 3 agricultural hearths: Anatolia: Europe’s Indo-European languages Fertile Crescent (western arc): North Africa and Arabia Fertile Crescent (eastern arc): SW Asia and South Asia

Unit 2: environmental determinism and possibilism

culture and the environment 2 theories: environmental determinism: cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions i.e. certain climates are more suited to progress and productiveness in culture (politics, technology) possibilism: the environment only limits the range of choices to a culture i.e. people ultimately control and deal with various environmental factors

Unit 3: The Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Model Warren Thompson (1929) CORRELATION between industrialization & population as a country DEVELOPS…the population STABILIZES

The Demographic Transition Model Demographic Transition: 1929 Warren Thompson as a country DEVELOPS…the population STABILIZES Stage 1- High Stationary: high birth & high death rates Stage 2- Early Expanding: high birth & declining death rates Stage 3- Late Expanding: declining birth & low death rates Stage 4- Low Stationary: low birth & low death rates original model had 4 stages-a hypothetical stage has been added Stage 5- Declining: sub replacement level (lower than 2.1 TFR)

Demographic Transition Model as a country industrializes the population stabilizes PRE-INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIALIZING INDUSTRIAL/POST-INDUSTRIAL Amazon Basin, Kenya, Brazil, U.K., Japan, Italy, un-contacted tribes Afghanistan China U.S. Germany

Stage 1 - High Stationary Stage 3 - Late Expanding Typical of least developed countries Amazon Basin, un-contacted tribes Birth Rate and Death rate are both high. Population growth is slow and fluctuating Birth Rate is high as a result of: Lack of family planning High Infant Mortality Rate Need for workers in agriculture (children: economic assets) Death Rate is high because of: High levels of disease Famine Lack of clean water and sanitation Lack of health care War Lack of education Stage 3 - Late Expanding Typical of developing countries China, Brazil Birth Rate starts to fall-Death rate continues to fall. Population rising Family planning available Lower Infant Mortality Rate Increased mechanization reduces need for workers Increased standard of living Changing status of women Stage 4 - Low Stationary Typical of developed countries USA, Sweden, Britain Birth Rate and Death Rate both low. Population steady Stage 2 - Early Expanding Typical of developing countries Tanzania, Zambia, Afghanistan Birth Rate remains high-Death Rate is falling Population begins to rise steadily. Death Rate is falling as a result of: Improved health care (e.g. Smallpox Vaccine) Improved Hygiene (Water for drinking boiled) Improved sanitation Improved food production and storage Improved transport for food Decreased Infant Mortality Rates Stage 5 - Declining Typical of developed countries Japan, Germany, Italy Birth Rate and Death Rate both low Population declining

Unit 3: “Laws” of Migration

theories about migration Ernst Ravenstein (1885): proposed “laws” of migration: every migration flow generates a return migration flow so NET migration is the difference between the two the majority of migrants move a short distance migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations urban residents are less migratory than those in rural areas families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

theories about migration The Gravity Model: a measure of the interaction of places used to predict the movement of people migration is inversely related to the distance traveled migration is directly proportional to population

unit 3 & unit 5: Malthus and Boserup

early warnings (1798) Thomas Malthus (1798): Neo-Malthusians: published an essay theorizing that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it Malthus stated that: -population grows exponentially -agriculture grows at an arithmetic or linear rate Malthus could not have foreseen the improvements that industrialization would make OR the changes made in food production (GMOs, fertilizers) Neo-Malthusians: believe in “zero-population growth” (ZPG) and argue that strict population controls need to be placed on countries with high fertility rates

counter argument Ester Boserup (1965): Cornucopians: theorized that people will find a way to increase food production during times of pressure (increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers) agriculture methods depend on the size of the population “power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand” Cornucopians: increasing populations stimulate rather than hinder economic development increasing populations increase opportunities for innovation (more people = more brain power)

Unit 4 and unit 7: core-semi periphery-periphery (Wallerstein)

World System Theory (Wallerstein) Core-Periphery Model World System Theory (Wallerstein) 20

Core-Periphery Model World System Theory (Wallerstein) countries with higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * generate more wealth and are dominant players in the world economy Periphery countries with lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * generate less wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. places that are dominated by the core but exert more power periphery. * serves as a buffer between core and periphery 21

core-semi periphery-periphery core: generates more wealth in the world economy high levels of development capacity for innovation and more technology level of dominance over periphery: reflected in trade higher levels of education and higher salaries semi-periphery: core and periphery processes are both occurring exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery periphery: generates less wealth in the world economy lower levels of education lower salaries and less technology

Core-Periphery Model World Systems Analysis : Immanuel Wallerstein (1930-) rejected the notion of a Third World there is one world connected by a complex network of economic exchange three basic tiers: core/periphery/semi-periphery tiers are not static & countries may move a group of countries has dominated the core for much of the last century economic and political power is distributed between dominant core regions and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

World System Theory (Wallerstein) Core-Periphery Model World System Theory (Wallerstein) 24

Unit 4: geopolitics

classical geopolitics: German school of thought Organic Theory: Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) influenced by Charles Darwin the state resembles a biological organism goes through stages: birth-maturity-decline-death to prolong its existence: needs nourishment state needs to acquire less powerful territories used by Germans to support expansion and acquire the territory of less populated countries Hitler declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more lebensraum, or living space (Germany had lost land after WWI)

classical geopolitics: British/American school of thought The Heartland Theory: Sir Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) many contemporaries THOUGHT a sea power was the key to world domination as it led to colonies and trade according to Mackinder, the base for world conquest would be Eurasia, the largest and most populous landmass on Earth, as it was a resource-rich “pivot area” and virtually impregnable after WWII, NATO was formed by U.S., Canada and Western Europe to contain the expansion of Soviet Union

geopolitics: British/American view The Rimland Theory: Nicholas Spykman (1944) the Eurasian rim: the key to global power abundant resources, dense populations, access to seas and interior China???

critical geopolitics: CURRENTLY: focus is how “we” construct ideas about place and how those ideas shape foreign policy the world becomes divided along ideological fault lines “us” “us”

Cold War fear Domino Theory: belief that countries would fall one by one to communism -fell to communism: China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia  -did not fall to communism: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma & India 

Unit 5: Von Thünen’s Location Theory

Von Thünen’s Model: 1826 Location Theory: explains where economic activities are located and why Von Thünen: FIRST effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity (based on his observations) what farmers will produce is based on distance from the market (center) cost of transportation determines use of land cost of land is also considered 32

Von Thünen’s Model: 1826 center: market (black dot) 1st ring: dairy/market farming (veggies) closest to the city for quick transport so as not to spoil 2nd ring: timber for fuel and building materials, fairly close as transport is heavy & difficult 3rd ring: field crops, such as grain, which are lighter than timber for transport 4th ring: ranching, which are self transporting beyond the fourth ring is unoccupied forest as this is the distance at which farming becomes unprofitable market 33

obsolete model The Isolated State: Von Thünen’s model was developed in 1826 before industrialization no factories, highways, railroads, and refrigeration explains the location of commercial agricultural activities without barriers to transportation assumption of a flat plane (no mountains, rivers) assumption of uniform soils globalization renders the model obsolete 34 34

Unit 6: Central Place Theory

Central Place Theory: Christaller central place: any settlement that provides the population of the surrounding area with goods and services centrality: a measure of the importance of a settlement in terms of the goods and services it provides for the hinterland (surrounding region) Walter Christaller (1933): geographer who studied towns in Germany and noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant

Central Place Theory: Christaller key concepts: threshold: minimum market (people) needed to keep a central place in business range: the distance people would be willing to travel to acquire goods and services low-order goods: products that are replenished frequently such as food & other routine household items (paper goods, toiletries) small businesses in small towns can survive because people will buy frequently at the closer locations instead of going into the city high-order goods: specialized items such as cars, furniture, fine jewelry, & household appliances that are bought less often and require a larger threshold often located in cities that serve a surrounding hinterland 37

Central Place Theory: Christaller -explains the location, size and number of settlements in an urban system -settlements simply function to provide a set of goods and services to their hinterland -bigger centers serve a large market area, providing more specialty C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet

Hexagonal Hinterlands -each central place has an exclusive surrounding hinterland with a monopoly -a circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas -hexagon shape fills an area without overlap Central Place Theory assumptions : -flat area, no barriers -even distribution of population -even distribution of resources -uniform transportation network -similar purchasing power of all consumers -consumers will patronize nearest market 39