Lessons from the History of the Internet 1 st of February 2002 Innovation and Technology Transfer -João Meyer -Ana Sofia Mascarenhas -Pedro Nazareth Castells, M. (2001), “Lessons from the History of Internet”, in “The Internet Galaxy”, Ch. 1, pp 9-35.Oxford Univ. Press.

Presentation Framework  Factual History of the Internet  Author´s lessons from the Internet History  Our opinion and relevant aspects for the course  Discussion

Factual History of the Internet ARPANET- Project consisting in building a network between computer centers (1962/69) Packet-switching (Paul Baran) ARPANET was formed Next Step: Connect different networks Basic Structure of Internet was formed Standardized Communication protocols (TCP/IP)

Factual History of the Internet  Other Sources of Internet: MODEM/computer Bulletin Board System An alternative network (usenet news) Creation of world wide web and modifications Connecting to ARPANET

Author´s lessons from the Internet History  Research Policy World Political Situation of the time - Cold War Mobilisation of- Government - Public Opinion Strong Suport to invest ARPA : Massive Resources + Scientific Capacity Considerable Autonomy to Researchers Something should come out of it... - Superiority Military technology - Porfit for Economy - Soviet Space program

Author´s lessons from the Internet History  Share of knowledge “ARPANET developed in a safe but not limiting environment – Relaxed security” Big inter-action within Accademic Comunity - Researchers - Co-workers - Graduate Students Fast diffusion of protocols Code of Conduct University Research Tradition + - Free distribution of software - Share of informations - Request for comments (RFQ’s)

Author´s lessons from the Internet History Government’s control of ARPA Obstacle to it’s connection with other countries Impact of autonomous networks was decisive for global expansion Companies awaked for the potencial and started to adopt internal networks 60’s conservative attitude of major companies towards investment All funding came from Government institutions Autonomous Networks, conference systems (80’s)

Author´s lessons from the Internet History “An Architecture of Openness” -Flexibility of communication protocols (TCP/IP) -Prevailed over the international standard communication protocol (x.25) Social/Institutional Organization -Governance of the internet -Coordination of functions in the network: agreement on standards, shared protocol, descentralised structure Technical Architecture

Author´s lessons from the Internet History “Self-evolution of the internet” -Users became producers of technology and shapers of the whole network Timespan of “Learning by using & Producing by using” is shortened Learning by producing Internet Growth (networks and range of applications) Diffusion and enhancement of new technology

Author´s lessons from the Internet History The author´s “recipe” Networking architecture must be open-ended, decentralized, distributed and multidirectional in its interactivity Communication protocols must be open, distributed and susceptible of modification Institutions of governance of the network must be built in accordance with the principles of openness and cooperation (embedded in the Internet)  Sequencial evolution of the internet base values:

Our opinion and relevant aspects for the course  Hot groups  Invention vs. Innovation  Users key producers of technology: ”Market Pull or Technological Push”?  Knowledge transference Technical Architecture Social/Institutional Organization “Self-evolution of the internet” “An Architecture of Openness”  An extended relation: