1. Organization of the Information Systems Function Chapter 14

2. Chapter Objectives Describe the history, evolution, and role of the IS function within firms Explain the alternative structures and locations of the IS function within modern organizations Understand the critical issues currently facing business managers with respect to the organization of the IS function Discuss the future of the IS function

3. The History and Role of the IS Function Before 1950 “computer” was a job classification title In 1940s and early 1950s computers were giant counting machines Changed in 1952 when IBM offered relatively affordable business computers As computer use grew, the need to manage IS grew

4. Management by Structure Organizational structure –Represented in an organizational chart –Describes the allocation of tasks and responsibilities –Designates formal reporting relationships, –Identifies grouping of individuals into departments –Includes the design of systems for effective communication, coordination, and integration

5. An Outgrowth of the Accounting Department Computers adopted in 1950s as electronic accounting systems

6. Evolution of the IS Function The 1960s –Computers used in each functional areas –Electronic data processing department The 1970s –From support data processing to complex IS –Information systems department

7. Evolution of the IS Function to Data Processing Departments

8. IS Structure During the 1970s

9. Evolution of the IS Function The 1980s –Began using personal computers –Telecommunications made computing difficult to centrally manage –Location of computing resources spread throughout the firm Late 1980s and 1990s, –Organizations needed systems integration and enterprise-wide information system architecture

10. Alternatives Structures for the IS Function Technology use now spread throughout the structure of most organizations Centralized management –Traditional IS organizational structure –Strong IS function with CIO Decentralized management –Structure of the organization determines whether IS is centralized or decentralized

11. A Centralized IS Structure CIO –Highest-ranking administrator –Strategic and long-term duties IS Director –Head of department and mid-level manager –Builds and maintains IS for functional areas –Performs day-to-day management of IS

12. Centralized Structure

13. A Decentralized IS Structure Provides services to functional areas that develop their own technologies

14. Decentralized Structure

15. IS Personnel CIO IS Director Account Executive Information Center Manager Development Manager Project Manager Maintenance Manager Systems Manager IS Planning Manager Operations Manager Programming Manager WebMaster

16. Competencies Technical –Knowledge and skills in hardware, software, and networking Business –Knowledge of business functional areas Systems –Knowledge of and skills in building systems and solving problems

17. Critical Issues for the Locations and Structures of the IS Function From Centralization to Decentralization and Hybrid Models Downsizing of Organizations and IS Departments From Ownership and Control to a Consulting Organization and a Service Mentality

18. From Centralization to Decentralization and Hybrid Models Centralized or Decentralized –The extent of which decision-making authority is toward the middle and higher ranks Centralized –Strong IS unit that builds all internal systems Decentralized –Development and control of computing recourses located in functional area units

19. When a Decentralized IS Structure Fits Corporate strategy of unrelated diversification Focused differentiation business strategy for each operating company Culture and reward system that emphasizes business unit autonomy

20. When a Centralized IS Structure Fits Corporate strategy of related diversification Related core businesses that compete in mature industries History of strong central direction and monitoring

21. When to Move Away From a Centralized IS Structure Corporate restructuring and new corporate strategy Organic (i.e., informal, adaptive) decision processes Autonomous business units Decentralized locus of responsibility for many corporate functions

22. When to Move Toward a More Centralized IS Structure Shared belief in the strategic role of IS Dissatisfaction with progress in new system development projects Deficiencies in IS performance capabilities

23. Downsizing of Organizations and IS Departments Technology used to streamline business functions Shrinks the IS department, along with other parts of the firm End users take on many of the traditional IS tasks

24. From Ownership and Control to a Consulting Organization Early IS departments provided little customer service Users forced to put up with poor service Users began to develop own applications IS personnel realized that they needed an attitude adjustment Modern IS units are more responsive than they used to be

25. The Future for the IS Function Continued Growth and Development Pervasiveness and Spread of IS throughout the Organization Changing Skill Set and Human Resource Planning Career Prospects and Opportunities

26. Continued Growth and Development Increased importance of technology to the success of organizations Demand for IS personnel will continue to grow Easy to predict growth and change Hard to predict what and how things will change

27. Pervasiveness and Spread of IS Throughout the Organization Organizations are pushing their IS personnel out into the business units Firms continue to need centralized IS planning, deployment, and management

28. Changing Skill Set and Human Resource Planning Need functional area staff to have technology skills Need IS staff to know functional business areas

29. Career Prospects and Opportunities There are now and will continue to be lots of jobs Jobs will be found in all industries and all market segments IS departments will continue to exist and play important role in the future