Nonfiction

What is Nonfiction? Written works intended to give facts, or true accounts of real things and events. Written works intended to give facts, or true accounts of real things and events.

Forms of Nonfiction Speeches Speeches Memoir Memoir How-to manual How-to manual Encyclopedia/Dictionary Encyclopedia/Dictionary Biography Biography Autobiography Autobiography Technical Text Technical Text Essay Essay

What is Rhetoric? The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively Ethos- appeal to credibility, beliefs Ethos- appeal to credibility, beliefs Logos- appeal to logic Logos- appeal to logic Pathos- appeal to emotions Pathos- appeal to emotions

Logos Reason (logos) - support your general claims with concrete, specific data. Reason (logos) - support your general claims with concrete, specific data. Reason which begins with specifics and moves toward a generalization is inductive. Example: Several clubs have reported difficulty completing their business during lunch period. This proves that lunch periods should be longer. Reason which begins with specifics and moves toward a generalization is inductive. Example: Several clubs have reported difficulty completing their business during lunch period. This proves that lunch periods should be longer. Reason which starts with a general observation and moves to specifics is deductive. Example: When people hurry, inefficiency and poor communication are the results. Under current conditions clubs must hurry at lunch time meetings. Therefore, lunch period should be lengthened to allow for better club meetings. Reason which starts with a general observation and moves to specifics is deductive. Example: When people hurry, inefficiency and poor communication are the results. Under current conditions clubs must hurry at lunch time meetings. Therefore, lunch period should be lengthened to allow for better club meetings.

Logos, continued Use two or three different strong reasons to support your argument. Use two or three different strong reasons to support your argument. Support your reasons with evidence. Support your reasons with evidence. –Facts - can be proven. –Expert opinions or quotations –Definitions - statement of meaning of word or phrase –Statistics - offer scientific support –Examples - powerful illustrations –Anecdote - incident, often based on writer's personal experiences –Present opposition - and give reasons and evidence to prove the opposition wrong –Conclude with call to action - urge the reader to do something

Ethos Ethics (ethos) - convince your readers that you are fair, honest, and well informed. They will then trust your values and intentions. Ethics (ethos) - convince your readers that you are fair, honest, and well informed. They will then trust your values and intentions. Avoid over-use of negatively charged loaded words. Avoid over-use of negatively charged loaded words.

Pathos Emotion (pathos) - a carefully reasoned argument will be strengthened by an emotional appeal. Emotion (pathos) - a carefully reasoned argument will be strengthened by an emotional appeal. Use description or narrate an example, often from your own experience. Use description or narrate an example, often from your own experience. Your point of view is demonstrated in an emotional appeal, and is important to the reader. Your point of view is demonstrated in an emotional appeal, and is important to the reader. Careful word choice presents your position accurately. Careful word choice presents your position accurately.

How to Build a Strong Argument Introduction - establish your argument, and clarify the importance of the issue. Introduction - establish your argument, and clarify the importance of the issue. Statement of the Case - tell story behind the argument, offering background information Statement of the Case - tell story behind the argument, offering background information Proposition Statement - carefully state central proposition, as a thesis statement would be given Proposition Statement - carefully state central proposition, as a thesis statement would be given Refutation - refute opposition arguments, exposing faulty reasoning Refutation - refute opposition arguments, exposing faulty reasoning Confirmation - develop your case, using examples, facts, statistics (logos) Confirmation - develop your case, using examples, facts, statistics (logos) Digression - appealing anecdote or description, offering ethos or pathos Digression - appealing anecdote or description, offering ethos or pathos Conclusion - finish with strong conviction; review main points, or suggest call to action Conclusion - finish with strong conviction; review main points, or suggest call to action

Speeches The New Frontier The New Frontier ~John F. Kennedy ~John F. Kennedy I Have a Dream I Have a Dream ~Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ~Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.