پدید آورنده:علی عموکاظمی بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم M. Sohrabi, URPS, 8th ICHNRRAs, 1-5 Sep. 2014, Prague, Czech Republic عنوان :حفاظت در برابر امواج موبایل پدید آورنده:علی عموکاظمی درس فیزیک بهداشت Email: Alikazemi7@aut.ac.ir سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Introduction * The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. * There are nearly 7 billion mobile subscriptions worldwide, estimates The International Telecommunication Union (May 2014). This is equivalent to 95.5 percent of the world population. * Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Radiation absorption * Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the body. * The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset are typically below a watt. * In most systems the cellphone and the base station check reception quality and signal strength and the power level is increased or decreased automatically. * The rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). * In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 gram of tissue, for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 10 grams of tissue سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

SAR limit in Iran سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Top 20 highest and lowest radiation cellphones سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Thermal effects * In thermal effect any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. * In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head. * The brain's blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. * the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism. * cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of mobile phones. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Blood–brain barrier effects Blood–brain barrier effects * Swedish researchers from Lund University have studied the effects of mobile phone radiation on the rat brain. * They found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated blood–brain barrier. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Cancer and mobile radiation Cancer and mobile radiation * In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mobile phone radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic (not Group 2A - probably carcinogenic - nor the dangerous Group 1) * Group 1: carcinogenic to humans like x and gamma ray. Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans like Ultraviolet radiation A,B,C. Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans like Cobalt and cobalt compounds. Group 3: not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans like Fluorescent lighting. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

* According to National Cancer Institute (NCI) , studies thus far have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly. * Researchers have carried out several types of epidemiologic studies to investigate the possibility of a relationship between cell phone use and the risk of malignant (cancerous) brain tumors as well as benign (noncancerous) tumors. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

* In one type of study ,cell phone use is compared between people with these types of tumors and people without them . In another type of study a large group of people is followed over time and the rate of these tumors in people who did and didn’t use cell phones is compared. * The results of these studies have generally not provided clear evidence of a relationship between cell phone use and cancer. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

What do expert organizations conclude What do expert organizations conclude? * International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) * American Cancer Society(ACS) * National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) * U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) * U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) * Federal Communications Commission (FCC) سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer due to cell phone use than adults? * In theory, children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for developing brain cancer from cell phones. Their nervous systems are still developing and therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause cancer. Their heads are smaller than those of adults and therefore have a greater proportional exposure to the field of radiofrequency radiation that is emitted by cell phones * So far, the data from studies in children with cancer do not support this theory. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

Health hazards of base stations Health hazards of base stations * in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously and is more powerful at close quarters. * field intensities drop rapidly with distance away from the base of transmitters because of the attenuation of power with the square of distance. * it was mandatory that main antenna axis not to be directly in front of a living place at a distance shorter than 100 meters. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

some steps to minimize the effects of cell phone radiation exposure some steps to minimize the effects of cell phone radiation exposure * Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head. * Keep the mobile phone away from the body. * Don't put the cell phone in your pocket while in use. * Do not use the cell phone in enclosed metal spaces such as vehicles or elevators. * Do not make a call when the signal strength is one bar or less. * Purchase a phone with a low SAR. سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93

THANKS SO MUCH سومین همایش فیزیک بهداشت (دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر،دانشکده ی مهندسی انرژی و فیزیک) دیماه93