Order ARTIODACTYLA Large and diverse group Terrestrial artiodactyls About 200 species in 10 families Most diverse in open habitats One group is semi-aquatic Some of the most cursorial mammals Aquatic artiodactyls Cetaceans

Structure of the Foot Artiodactyls are known as even toed ungulates The plane of symmetry is between digits 3 and 4 (paraxonic) Metacarpals metatarsals are fused to form the cannon bone in advanced artiodactyls Rodhocetus Fig. 18-3

Artiodactyl Characters Artiodactyl Characters Double-Pulley Astragalus Restricts lateral movement Rhodocetus

Fig. 17.1 - Unguligrade badger deer coyote Terminal phalanges of terrestrial artiodactyls are encased in pointed hoofs

Terrestrial Artiodactyls

Suidae and Tayassuidae 35 Ma

Family SUIDAE Old World Swine Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental, Australian [Celebes] 5 genera, 16 species–Sus; Phachoerrus (warthog); Babyrousa warthog versus lion Sus scrofa has been introduced everywhere

Suid Characteristics stocky, barrel-shaped body; short limbs Weigh up to 275 kg snout elongate, mobile, and flattened at end Four toes on front and hind feet two chambered stomach; cecal fermentation omnivorous: feed on fungi, roots, eggs, small vertebrates, carrion http://www.untamedscience.com/family/suidae/

Suid Characteristics Bunodont molars (Fig. 18-11) canines directed upward and outward skull long and low, with a high occipit, profile flat or concave

Babyrousa Tusks are for ritualized fighting. More of a foregut fermenter than any other suid (has bacterial flora in stomach), & therefore potentially useful (but small litters). chocolate Classified as Vulnerable

Babirusas can get impaled by their own teeth The skull is one of about 60 obtained by Walter Kaudern while on survey on Sulawesi between 1916 and 1920. ‘self-impaling’ only happens in old, well ornamented males whose teeth are complete. http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/03/08/babirusa-impales-own-head/

Family Tayassuidae javelinas or peccaries "Jabalí" (the Spanish name for Wild Boar) Pakira (Galibi Carib of Brazil word)

Tayassuidae Distribution Neotropical (central Argentina) to Nearctic (southwestern U.S.) Catagonus wagneri; Tayassu pecari; Pecari tajacu http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/artiodactyla/images/image.mid.artiodactyla.tayassuidae.catagonus.wagneri.1.html http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fossilhall/Library/Peccary/distrib.htm Chacoan peccary

Tayassuid Characters upper canines directed downward Skull with a straight dorsal profile FIGURE 18-14: Skull of a collared peccary, Pecari tajacu (length of skull 225 millimeters)

Tayassuid characters 4 toes on front feet, usually 3 on rear [digit 5 of the hindfoot is vestigial (lacks a hoof)]--two on rear of Catagonus metatarsals fused proximally fewer tail vertebrae than suids Weigh up to 30 kg Javelinas are immune to rattlesnake venom

Tayassuid characters rump and suborbital glands used in social communication gregarious--populations typically 5-15; Tayassu up to several 100

Tayassuid Diet Omnivorous, but rely more on plant material than suids Two to three chambered stomach, may have limited gastric fermentation, stomach is relatively very small Pecari tajacu is less cold tolerant, but require less water than feral pigs

TAMUK Where ignorance is not just a right, It’s a duty!

porky This misbegotten excrescence of a werepig is not a javelina.

neoporky I am unsure of what this is as well. Arctonyx collaris

These are javelinas

How-peccaries-differ-from-pigs

Family Hippopotamidae Ethiopian, Huge heads & short limbs. Mouth very large. Fiona

Hippopotamus Characteristics incisors large, tusk like (especially inner lower incisors). canines large, tusk-like (lower canines much larger than upper). Semi-aquatic Good swimmers and divers nostrils and eyes at top of skull.

Two Genera Hippopotamus: up to 4500 kg [Fig. 17-10] Gregarious produce underwater sounds similar to the sonar clicks of dolphins Hexaprotodon (Choeropsis) 200-250 kg less social, occurs in forested areas Nicolaas Cornelius Johannes van Zyl Videos by ทีวีพูล TVPool Buffet

Hippopotamus Characters Food on terrestrial vegetation at night, aquatic in the day Communicate by producing a wide variety of sounds

Hippopotamus Characteristics Thick and nearly hairless skin. Shiny, naked skin densely perforated with minute skin-conditioning glands (Kingdon, 1997). Skin glands secrete a pink oily substance that protects skin from the sun. Secretions are a mixture of pigments that function as both sunscreen and antibiotic, as well as keeping the animals cool, say Kimiko Hashimoto of Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan, and colleagues (Nature, 2004).

Hippo Skin But skin renders hippos vulnerable to dehydration. Cannot survive long away from water and only graze at night or during rain. Hippos and mud http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN0WPwFD9is

Family Camelidae Camels and Llamas selenodont no horns or antlers. three chambered ruminating stomach.

Family Camelidae Secondarily digitigrade. Only living fully digitigrade ungulates. cannon bone present but not fused distally ['Y'-shaped]. Hooves are modified into nails with a broad cutaneous pad between the digits; provides support on soft substrates (Miocene adaptation)

Locomotion pacing: limbs of same side are moved together. this allows the pacer to extend the length of stride more than the trotter Muybridge, E. 1887. Animals in Motion. http://imnh.isu.edu/Research/Projects/Current/BiomechanicsCamelidae.htm

Subfamily Camelinae Palearctic–camels [Camelus] Hump(s) for fat storage C. dromedarius (dromedary or Arabian) is widespread due to domestication, but there are no wild populations. C. bactrianus (bactrian) less widely used by humans; only a few wild herds remain in central Asia.

Subfamily Laminae Neotropical—llamas, alpacas, and guanacos [Lama], vicuñas [Vicugna] llamas and alpacas are domesticated guanacos Lama inhabits grasslands to 4000m; vicuñas, grasslands and plains at altitudes of 3,500-5,750 m (hemoglobin has a higher Oxygen affinity)

Suborder Ruminantia FIG 18-15: Two phylogenetic hypotheses of ruminant artiodactyls based on the work of O’Leary and Gatesy 2007 (left) and Price et al. 2005 (right)

Family Tragulidae chevrotains (Hyemoschus) and mouse deer (Tragulus) Afrotropic; Indo Malayan 3-chambered, ruminating “stomach”, no omasum

Family Tragulidae small, 2.5 - < 8 kg; 40 cm mouse deer solitary, nocturnal; ecological equivalent of Lepus no cranial appendages large upper canines in males for intraspecific combat

Ruminants with a Four-Chambered “Stomach” http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Ruminant_Digestion.htm

Family Moschidae – musk deer Four species of Moschus; weigh between 7 and 17 kilograms Distribution: mainly in forested and alpine scrub habitats in the mountains of central and northeastern Asia, notably Himalayas.

Family Moschidae – musk deer no antlers elongate upper canines, much larger in males

Moschidae abdominal musk gland; its secretions are most likely used to attract mates. They are rare in many parts of their range because of the demand for waxy secretion used for perfume base (nearly $45,000 a kilogram!).

Cranial Appendages

Family Cervidae deer, elk, moose Holarctic, Neotropical, Oriental 19 genera, 51 species 7 kg (Pudu) - 800 kg (Alces)

Cervid Antlers complex (forked) solid bony core nourished from epidermal layer of velvet, containing blood vessels shed annually, decapitation at pedicle

Antler growth and breeding cycle

Antlers usually in males only present in female Rangifer (caribou, reindeer) absent in Hydropotes (Chinese water deer)-elongate upper canines present (sabers) The Asian Muntiacus (Muntjac) has short antlers and long canines Pudu Hydropotes Rangifer

Irish elk Had antlers 3.6 m (12 ft) from tip to tip. Went extinct about 9,000 years ago

Alces alces is the elk in Europe, the moose in North America. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2006 Alces alces is the elk in Europe, the moose in North America. Our elk is Cervus elaphus, the European red deer Megaloceros,the Irish elk, is most closely related to the fallow deer (Dama dama). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Sandrine Hughes, Thomas J. Hayden, Christophe J. Douady, Christelle Tougard, Mietje Germonpré, Anthony Stuart, Lyudmila Lbova, Ruth F. Carden, Catherine Hänni, Ludovic Say 2006 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Family Cervidae lacrimal depression present 4-toed (reduced laterals) tarsal gland communicates social status brachydont teeth; usually browsers no gall bladder (?low fat diet, but present in bovids)

North American Cervids “Old World” deer (Cervinae) 1 N.A. species Elk or wapiti Often considered part of the Palearctic red deer complex (Cervus elaphus) Occasionally considered a separate species (Cervus canadensis)

“Bugle” teeth are present in elk. Both bulls and cows possess ivories. White-tailed deer with supernumerary canine.

North American Cervidae “New World” deer (Capreolinae) - White-tailed deer - Black-tailed or mule deer - Caribou - Moose

Family Cervidae: Genus Odocoileus Mule deer /Black-tailed deer White-tailed deer O. virginianus) (O. hemionus) Dear deer

Family Cervidae: Caribou (Reindeer) Rangifer tarandus inhabits arctic tundra and surrounding boreal coniferous forest flat, deeply cleft hooves Domesticated by the Sami as beasts of burden and farmed for milk, meat and their hides

Is Rudolph a lady? Both the male and female reindeer have antlers. While most cows retain their antlers until spring after they give birth, most bulls drop their antlers by early December. Some younger bulls, depending upon hereditary and environmental factors, may keep their antlers well into spring, even as late as April. But only females could drag a fat-butt man in a red velvet suit all around the world in one night and, when they get lost, stop and ask for directions.

Family Cervidae: Moose Alces alces The Europeans refer to this Holarctic species as an elk!! Largest member of the deer family Typically associated with boreal forest in the Northern Hemisphere.

In the warm months, moose feed on water plants In winter, they browse on conifers

Family Giraffidae Afrotropic Browsers with brachyodont teeth Thin lips back inclines upward Giraffe and Okapi

Giraffidae horns composed of outgrowths of frontals (okapis) or both frontals and parietals (giraffes) that start as a distinct bone (ossicone) present in both sexes, unbranched, covered with skin, non-deciduous Long and narrow skull

Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis up to 1,800 kg long neck height to 5.5 m herds, savannah grassland long, prehensile tongue for browsing sexual selection for long neck

Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe Giraffes are currently considered to represent a single species classified into multiple subspecies. Geographic variation in traits such as pelage pattern is clearly evident across the range in sub-Saharan Africa and abrupt transition zones between different pelage types are typically not associated with extrinsic barriers to gene flow, suggesting reproductive isolation. BMC Biology 2007, 5:57

Fennessy, J. et al. Curr Biol. 2016 giraffes should actually be divided into four distinct lineages that don’t interbreed in the wild, Finding could alter conservation strategies for long-necked animals. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216307874

Okapi Solitary equatorial forest

Family Antilocapridae Pronghorns (a single living species Antilocapra americana) Permanent bony core and an epidermal horny sheath. Nearctic (endemic)

Family Antilocapridae Sheath is forked and shed annually Females often hornless and, if present, frequently lack prongs Pronghorn with one horn shed http://www.yellowstoneyearround.com/wildlifetours.php

Antilocapridae grazers, hypsodont teeth; also feed on forbs and low shrubs, especially sagebrush; orbits high on head

Antilocapridae Cursorial flexion of spine, etc. [Fig 17.7], enlarged airways in lungs, more hemoglobin and myoglobin 85 km/hr bursts; 65 km/hr for > 10 km

Family Bovidae largest family of ungulates: 50 genera and 143 species

Family Bovidae cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and allies Holarctic, Afrotropic, Indo-Malayan

Bovid Horns Unbranched, sheath and bony core inner bony horn core, formed from the frontal bone and non-deciduous (rarely shed) sheath formed keratin Tetracerus is a four (short) horned Indian antelope

Fig. 19.21: Horns always present in males variable in females. female horns are shorter and straighter, used as defensive weapons A. suni antelope (Neotragus), B.klipspringer (Oreotragus), C. Grant’s gazelle (Gazella); D. waterbuck (Kobus), E. hartebeest (Alcelaphus), F. wildebeest (Connochaetes), G. addax (Addax); and H. oryx (Oryx)

North American Bovidae Subfamily Bovinae American bison (Bison bison) some authorities place in genus Bos

“Hand me my pedantic mammalogy professor rifle, Wilson”

Bubalus bubalis–Water buffalo Nilgai Bison bison American bison Syncerus caffer African or Cape buffalo Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the Kouprey, Bos sauveli Urbain 1937 Bubalus bubalis–Water buffalo

Market hunting Near extinction of bison : 60M to ~150 Robes, tongue, depriving the plains Indians http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.png

Reintroduced throughout its previous range Few free-roaming herds Yellowstone National Park has the largest population of free-roaming plains bison (about 4,000), and Wood Buffalo National Park has the largest population of free-roaming wood bison (about 10,000).

Family Bovidae Subfamily Caprinae Muskoxen North American mountain goat Thinhorn sheep Bighorn sheep

Family Bovidae: Muskoxen Ovibos moschatus Not true oxen; more closely related to North American mountain goats Northernmost member of Bovidae. Inhabitants of arctic tundra Natural occurrence is restricted to Greenland, Canada and Alaska. Distributed throughout the Holarctic during cold phases of the Pleistocene. Reintroduced to Alaska, Siberia and Norway

Family Bovidae: Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus Only goat-like ungulate in N.A. (not a true goat) Alpine tundra and subalpine areas Renowned ability to climb steep terrain

Family Bovidae: Ovis dalli Fig. 23-14 Common names: Dall’s Sheep or Thinhorn Sheep Arctic and subarctic – primarily alpine in high mountain ranges

Family Bovidae: Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis Most widely distributed of the Caprinae in North America, occurring from Canada to Mexico

Bighorn Sheep Double-layered skulls and massive tendons connecting the skull to the spine View of the left side of a male bighorn skull, showing the pneumatic chambers between the thick frontal bone and the braincase. Figure 24.31B

Bighorn sheep once their beautiful horns curl past a certain point, they become legal hunting targets and few males live beyond a certain point. Male bighorns in the Rockies have horns that have now shrunk by about 25% in the last 30 years. Darimont, C.T.,  S. M. Carlson, M. T. Kinnison, P. C. Paquete, T.E. Reimchen and C. C. Wilmers. 2009.  Human predators outpace other agents of trait change in the wild.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:952-954

Bovidae The most diverse ruminants body mass from 2.5-1000 kg hypsodont cheek teeth mainly grazers, but with different feeding strategies smaller bovids are primarily browsers

Resource Partitioning 29 species of African bovids plus equids and rhinos In Africa, because many big mammals feed on Redtop Grass, are they all in the same niche? Serengeti Plain

Ecology of Herbivores on Serengeti Plain Species were distinctly different in their ecological niches Each species differs in size and has different strategies for defense and survival so each one overall occupies a different niche. Migratory ungulates in the Serengeti depend on a sequence of grazing species as well as plant productivity The interaction of animals grazers on the Serengeti is called Grazing Facilitation

Main Migratory Ungulates Wildebeest Thomson’s Gazelle Plains Zebra www.ualberta.ca/~rhudson/ENCS376/project/Serengeti.ppt http://www.awf.org/files/3827_file_thomsons_gazelle_balfour.jpg (Estes 2006) http://www.wallpaperbase.com/wallpapers/animals/zebras/zebra_1.jpg

Effects of Mammals on their Environments p. 515 Seasonal migration patterns of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in the Sarengeti Plains of Tanzania. Figure 23.33:

Grazing sequence: Serengeti rains renewed grass growth zebra …. wildebeest … gazelles coarse ……. new ……….. forbs grasses shoots

Grazing Facilitation Zebras enter long grass communities, consume longer, dry stems and sheaths of grasses; go for quantity, expose less coarse forage finds water best of the group. Wildebeests (or gnus) come second, feed on green sheaths and leaves of grasses and graze them to short heights have the best sense of smell Thompson’s gazelles selective feeders, feed on high quality, short grass sheaths, herbs, and seeds during dry season, have the best vision

Facilitation? Migrating zebra, wildebeest, and Thomson’s gazelle: gazelle gain access to fresh regrowth after wildebeest have grazed an area. Wildebeest gain no benefit from zebras because they forage in taller grasses during the dry season. What does the zebra do in the wet season and why? Facilitation in the wet season / competition in the dry season. http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/jctull/NRES310/lectures/lecture18.pdf

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Fig. 19.7 Cranial Appendages Rhinoceros Giraffe Pronghorn Deer Bovid

Zebra’s always eat a higher fraction of the stems than do wildebeests Zebra’s and wildebeest do not eat different plants, but different parts of the same plant species. Zebra’s always eat a higher fraction of the stems than do wildebeests Zebras go for quantity of food rather than quality The interaction of animals grazers on the Serengeti is called Grazing Facilitation Studies have shown that Zebra’s and wildebeest do not eat different plants, but different parts of the same plant species. Zebra’s always eat a higher fraction of the stems than do wildebeests Zebras go for quantity of food rather than quality The interaction of animals grazers on the Serengeti is called Grazing Facilitation

Locomotion

Energy exchange

heat