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Chapter 8 American Imperialism

Vocabulary Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick Spanish- American War Teller Amendment Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), Big Stick Expansionism Imperialism Open Door policy Panama Canal Philippines Platt Amendment Yellow Journalism (Yellow Press)

American Expansion America seeks to become an Imperial power to compete with European powers America seeks new raw materials & customers for the factories in the US. To control the new materials it seeks imperialism as the solution “White Man’s Burden” used as justification ( New Manifest Destiny) US build up the military to help protect business interest. Theodore Roosevelt philosophy of “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Alaska- is bought from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 Hawaii- an important part for trade route to Asia. US strong arms the Hawaiian monarchy to give up its sovereignty in 1898 Virgin Islands: purchased from the Denmark in 1917.

THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA In 1867, Secretary of State William Steward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Steward’s Icebox” Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre Alaska is rich in timber, minerals and oil Alaska

Anti-Imperialist League Organization who felt imperialism is immoral and anti-American values. Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Williams Jennings Bryant, Jane Addams, President Grover Cleveland

Spanish American War Cuba wanted its’ independence from Spain but Spain would not give it to them Cubans rebelled in 1895, failed Cuba & Philippines- American business interest in both areas seek to gain control of these areas over the Spanish. The USS Maine exploded & sank in Cuban water. Quickly the US blames the Spanish. Yellow Journalism Exaggereated and charismatic sensational news led by William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer

CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895 Exiled from Cuba, Marti resided in NY and creates a newspaper called… “La Patria” to influence American intervention Marti returned to Cuba and deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention… it did! Marti

The Maine Explodes Unknown artist , 1898 Notice the men flying dramatically through the air

A CALL FOR INTERVENTION IN CUBA

Spanish American War U.S. quickly defeated Spain with Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” in Cuba War of imperialism which lasted 16 weeks & led to the US gaining control of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, & Freed Cuba. Cuba becomes a protectorate (US manipulated territories). Teller amendment (1898): Cuba remained independent (to partly satisfy Anti-Imperialists) But not really… Platt Amendment: replaces Teller Amendment and allows US Naval Bases & US intervention

American Foreign Policy (1898-1914) Roosevelt Corollary: an extension of the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine: US legacy of keeping Europe away from taking over independent Latin American nations Big Stick Policy: Theodore Roosevelt policy of “Speak softly and carry a Big Stick” using aggressive Diplomacy Open Door Policy: open free trade in China which leads to the unsuccessful Boxer Rebellion Dollar diplomacy: use American investment to promote foreign policy objectives Panama Canal In search for quicker route to the Pacific US needed a canal. Colombia controlled Panama at the time & refused. Roosevelt helped Panama rebel in exchange for full control of the Panama Canal

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United States Foreign Policy 1890-1914 What to do with the Philippines- Give the islands back to Spain (misrule). Leave the islands and not give them any help (irresponsible and Germany or Japan would seize them resulting in another war). US annexation. McKinley opted for annexation (US Senate approved the treaty by one vote) Bitterness and Rebellion-Filipinos wanted independence. 2/4/1899 Emilio Aguinaldo led insurrection against the US. US responded by sending 126,000 troops. 18

Roosevelt Corollary An extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt stated in State of the Union Address in 1904. Stated the US can & will get involved in Latin America.

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WHY IMPERIALISM? 1) Desire for Military strength – Mahan advised strong navy 2) Thirst for new markets – to spur economy & trade 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior