20.2 – Europeans Settle North America

Competition France, England, & the Netherlands ignore Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain & Portugal = competition Spain claims South American route to the Pacific = race to find another route Can’t find another route = establishment of American colonies

New France 1524: Verrazzano discovers NY harbor 1534: Jacques Cartier sails down the St. Lawrence River; founds Montréal 1608: Samuel de Champlain founds Québec = base for New France 1673: Marquette & Joliet explore the Great Lakes & Mississippi River De La Salle – claims Mississippi Valley for France = Louisiana

Trading Empire New France = vast, but sparsely populated No big desire to settle towns in America Settlers = Priests & traders Huge riches for France = Fur Trade Goal: Money, not occupation Trading Empire

New France – 1712

Jamestown 1607: English settle Jamestown in Virginia Disastrous start: Disease rampant; food scarce 1st permanent English settlement in North America Fortunes turn: Tobacco – profitable cash crop

“New England” 1620: Pilgrims (Mayflower) found Plymouth (MA) Seek religious freedom; persecuted in England 1628-9: Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony Same reasons, larger Want to build a model community, set example for all Succeeds b/c several families make-up settlers

The Dutch 1609: Henry Hudson searches for Northwest Passage Explores & claims Hudson River, Bay, & Strait Trade fur w/ Iroquois = trade posts Fort Orange (Albany) & Manhattan 1621: Dutch West India Company colonizes region & expands fur trade Holdings = New Netherland Open colony to other settlers Germans, French, Scandinavians

Caribbean Europe fights to carve up islands of the Caribbean French: Haiti, Guadaloupe, & Martinique English: Barbados & Jamaica Dutch: Capture Aruba & Netherland Antilles from Spain Plantations: Sugar & Cotton = $$$ & need for labor Expansion of the slave trade

Struggles Dutch Threat: Splits British colonies 1664: English (Duke of York) surrounds Dutch; surrender Renamed New York Atlantic coast opened for British colonization = leads to 13 Colonies British push west = contact w/ New France 1754: French & Indian War erupts over claims in the Ohio Valley Larger Conflict: 7 Years’ War (Europe) 1763: French lose; surrender all American holdings

Native Americans Positive relations w/ French & Dutch Trade furs for goods (guns, beads, etc) Strained relations w/ English over land & religion Difference: Goal to populate colonies Push natives off land Considers Native Americans heathens Native Americans

Conflicts & Disease Hostility = Warfare 1622: Powhatan attack Jamestown 1675-6: King Philip’s War Metacom attack colonies in Massachusetts (defeated) Disease decimates Native Americans = severe shortage of labor = African slave trade