The Skeletal System
Introduction -The Basics The skeleton, composed of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments, accounts for about 20% of body mass. There are 206 bones in the human body.
The axial skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. There are 80 bones in the axial skeleton.
The Appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, and the shoulder bones and hip bones. There are 126 bones in the Appendicular Skeleton.
The Axil Skeleton The skull consists of two sets of bones – the cranium and the facial bones. There are eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones. The joints between bones of the skull are immovable and called sutures.
Baby Skull Sutures
Sutures in Adult Skull
The SPHENOID BONE- acts like a bridge between the cranial & facial bones
The Axil Skeleton Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint. The hyoid bone is the only bone in the body that does not articulate (match up with) another bone. The hyoid bone acts as an attachment point for several muscles that help with speech and swallowing. The hyoid bone is attached to the skull by ligaments.
The Axil Skeleton The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by disks of fibro-cartilage. 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae The bony thorax forms a cage to protect major organs
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN The spinal column (or vertebral column) extends from the skull to the pelvis and is made up of 33 individual bones termed vertebrae.
The Axil Skeleton The bony thorax is made up of three parts: 1)Sternum 2)Ribs 3)Thoracic vertebrae
The Axil Skeleton You have three different types of ribs True ribs are the first seven pairs of ribs. True ribs attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages. False ribs are the next five pairs. They either attach indirectly to the sternum or not at all. Floating ribs are the last two pairs of false ribs. They lack sternal attachments.
The Appendicular Skeleton The 3 parts of the appendicular skeleton are: 1)Limbs (appendages) 2)Pectoral girdle (shoulder) 3)Pelvic girdle (pelvis)
The Appendicular Skeleton The pectoral girdle (or shoulder) is composed of two bones 1)Clavicle – collarbone 2)Scapula – Shoulder blade The clavicle and the scapula allow the upper limbs to have free movement
The Appendicular Skeleton The arm is formed from a single bone, the humerus. The forearm has two bones: the ulna and radius
The Appendicular Skeleton The hand contains three types of bones: 1)Carpals – wrists 2)Metacarpals – palm 3)Phalanges - fingers
The Appendicular Skeleton The thigh has one bone – the femur. The lower leg has two bones – the tibia and fibula.
The Appendicular Skeleton The foot has three types of bones: 1)Tarsals – ankle 2)Metatarsals – sole 3)Phalanges - toes
The Appendicular Skeleton The pelvic girdle is made up of the hip bones. The “hip bones” are composed of three pair of fused bones – the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone.
The Appendicular Skeleton The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis. The pelvic girdle protects several organs – the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine.