Part Three SOURCES AND COLLECTION OF DATA McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Fourteen EXPERIMENTATION
Variables in Experiments Independent variables Dependent variables
Advantages of an Experiment? Researcher’s ability to manipulate the independent variable Contamination from extraneous variables can be controlled more efficiently Convenience Cost Replication
Disadvantages of Experiments Artificiality of the laboratory Generalization from nonprobability samples Larger budgets needed Restricted to problems of the present or immediate future Ethical limits to manipulation of people
Experimentation Process Select relevant variables Specify the treatment levels Control the experimental environment Choose the experimental design Select and assign the participants Pilot-test, revise, and test Analyze the data
Ways to Assign Subjects Random Assignment Matching Assignment Quota matrix
Does a Measure Accomplish What it Claims? Internal validity External validity
Threats to Internal Validity History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Selection Statistical Regression Experimental Mortality
Threats to External Validity The Reactivity of Testing on X Interaction of Selection and X Other Biasing Effects on X Artificial setting of testing Respondents knowledge of testing
Experimental Designs Preexperimental designs True experimental designs Field experiments
X the introduction of an experimental stimulus to the participant Design Symbols X the introduction of an experimental stimulus to the participant 0 a measure or observation activity R an indication that sample units have been randomly assigned
Preexperimental Designs One-shot case study One-group pretest-posttest design Static group comparison
True Experimental Designs Pretest-posttest control group design Posttest-only control group design
Operational Extensions of True Designs Completely randomized designs Randomized block design Latin square Factorial design Covariance analysis
Field Experiments: Quasi- or Semi-Experiments Non Equivalent Control Group Design Separate Sample Pretest-Posttest Design Group Time Series Design