#5 - Movement to End Apartheid The Resistance South Africa #5 - Movement to End Apartheid The Resistance

DO NOW Why did the Afrikaners establish the Apartheid policy? How can an individual inspire change in a government? How can the international community apply pressure to a government that does not think it is acting in the best interests of its citizens?

A Sign In English and Afrikaans - Typical of the Apartheid Era 1948-1992

African National Congress Founded in 1912 Largely ineffective until the 1940s In 1940’s resistance was moderate 1950’s Non-Violent Confrontation Campaign Worked within the law to resist Apartheid. Used civil disobedience and peaceful resistance to protest oppression of blacks in South Africa

THE ANC 1950s - The Defiance Campaign “Open the jail doors, we want to enter” Strikes, boycotts, breaking curfew Break apartheid laws Result: Increased membership from 7,000 to 100,000 Police responded with extreme violence and long prison sentences

The Freedom Charter Congress Alliance formed. Included the ANC, So. African Indian Congress So. African Congress of Democrats (Anti-Apartheid Whites) Coloured People’s Organization Issued the Freedom Charter

The Freedom Charter - 1955 We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:   That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people. The People shall govern. All national groups shall have equal rights. The people shall share in the nation’s wealth. The land shall be shared by those who work it. All shall be equal before the law. All shall enjoy equal human rights. There shall be work and security for all. The doors of learning and culture shall be opened. There shall be houses, security and comfort. There shall be peace and friendship. Find and write down 4 demands from the Freedom Charter which show what people wanted: Which of the Freedom Charter’s demands do you think is the most important and would have a lasting effect?

Sharpeville Massacre: March 1960 The Turning Point Demonstration against Pass Laws Police fired shots over the heads of protesters outside municipal buildings. Injured 6 and killed two Tensions mounted crowd of 5,000 showed up a police station. Police Opened fire on unarmed demonstrators; 69 blacks killed

1960s Moved Toward an Armed Struggle

ANC has a Decision to Make Jan. 1959 – PAN (Pan Africanist Congress) Opposed working with organizations that were not African. Dec. 1961 President of ANC Albert Luthuli accepts Nobel Peace Prize. 5 Days later MK the Military wing of ANC is created. Secret meetings held in June, agree to launch a secret sabotage campaign to overthrow the government

General Law Amendment Act (1962) An attempt to take Control Further Crackdown on resistance and response to sabotage campaign Minimum Five Year Prison Term to maximum of death for Sabotage “Protest” Can remain in prison up to 90 days before questioning process began Indefinite Imprisonment without a trial

Rivonia Trial – 1964 Nelson Mandela Launched Economic sabotage campaign after Sharpeville. Entire leadership of MK, including Mandela arrested Charged: “recruiting people for training in sabotage & guerrilla warfare” Sentenced to Life: Served from 1964-1990 This ended the power of the ANC & MK

A New Generation of Protestors – The 1970s The Youth Take Charge Steve Biko Rise of Black Consciousness The Soweto Uprising of 1976

Black Consciousness Movement Founded by Steve Biko Inspired by Black Power movement in America. “Black is Beautiful” Pressed for increased rights and end to “separate development”

Soweto Riots (June 1976) Students could no longer accommodate inequality. How they resisted: Protests, Boycotts, Demonstrations June 1976 Many black students were upset because they needed to take Afrikaner classes (language of the Africaners) 20,00 students marched through Soweto in protest Police fired on the crowd – students responded violently Demonstrations spread throughout South Africa 600 lay dead & 2500 injured

Stephen Biko (1977) – Popular protestor (student leader) beaten to death by police while in custody in Pretoria. Had been arrested under Terrorism Act

Violence increases during the 1980’s Peaceful Protests led to more black deaths. People carried ANC banners in streets. Protested against government and black conspirators South African Response Government attacked ANC bases in South Africa, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana State of Emergency declared in 1985 “betrayers” were killed in gruesome fashion known as “necklacing” 1986 – Pass Laws repealed