Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 9 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Zero population growth (ZPG) Biotic potential (intrinsic rat of increase [r]) Environmental resistance Carrying capacity Minimum viable population (MVP)

Population Dispersion Fig. 9-2 p. 191

Factors Affecting Population Size Fig. 9-3 p. 192

Exponential and Logistic Growth Fig. 9-4 p. 192 Fig. 9-5 p. 193 Fig. 9-6 p. 193

Population Density Effects Density-independent controls Density-dependent controls

Natural Population Curves Fig. 9-7 p. 194

The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size Predator-prey cycles Top-down control Bottom-up control Fig. 9-8 p. 195

Reproductive Patterns and Survival Asexual reproduction r-selected species Sexual reproduction K-selected species Fig. 9-10 p. 196

Survivorship Curves Fig. 9-11 p. 198

Conservation Biology: Sustaining Wildlife Populations Investigate human impacts on biodiversity Ideas for maintaining biodiversity Endangered species management Wildlife reserves and ecological restoration Ecological economics Environmental ethics Wildlife management

Human Impacts on Ecosystems Habitat degradation and fragmentation Ecosystem simplification Genetic resistance Predator elimination Introduction of non-native species Overharvesting renewable resources Interference with ecological systems

Learning from Nature Interdependence Diversity Resilience Adaptability See Connections p. 200 Adaptability Unpredictability Limits

The Human Population: Growth, Demography, and Carrying Capacity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 12 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Factors Affecting Human Population Size Population change equation Population Change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) Zero population growth (ZPG) Crude birth rate (BR) Crude death rate (DR) Refer to Fig. 12-3 p. 255

Natural Rate of Increase <1% 1-1.9% 2-2.9% 3+% Data not available Annual world population growth Fig. 12-4 p. 256

Fertility Rates Replacement-level fertility Total fertility rate (TFR) Births per woman < 2 2-2.9 3-3.9 4-4.9 5+ No Data Fig. 12-10 p. 258

Factors Affecting BR and TFR See bulleted list in text p. 259 US BR’s and TFR’s Fig. 12-13 p. 259; see Fig. 12-12 p. 259 32 30 28 26 Births per thousand population 24 22 20 18 End of World War II 16 Demographic transition 14 Depression Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year

Factors Affecting DR Life expectancy Infant mortality rate (IMR) Infant deaths per 1,000 live births <10 <10-35 <36-70 <71-100 <100+ Data not available Fig. 12-18 p. 262

Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate – crude death rate Developing Countries Developed Countries 50 50 Crude birth rate 40 40 Rate of natural increase Rate of natural increase Rate per 1,000 people © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning 30 30 Crude birth rate Crude death rate 20 20 Crude death rate 10 10 1800 2000 1775 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 1775 1850 1900 1950 2050 Year Fig. 12-17 p. 262

Population Age Structure Fig. 12-19 p. 263 Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+ Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Male Female Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden

Solutions: Influencing Population Size Migration Environmental refugees Reducing births Family planning Empowerment of women Economic rewards and penalties

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial growth rate Increasing Growth Very high Decreasing Zero Negative Birth rate Total population Death rate Time Fig. 12-25 p. 269

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India Generally disappointing results: Poor planning Bureaucratic inefficiency Low status of women Extreme poverty Lack of support

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China Generally positive results: Economic incentives Free medical care Preferential treatment Intrusive and coercive Locally administered

Cutting Global Population Growth Family planning Reduce poverty Elevate the status of women