Living in the Environment Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 8 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts Community structure Roles of species Species interactions Changes in ecosystems Stability of ecosystems

Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity Stratification Fig. 8-2 p. 166 Species diversity Species richness Niche structure Edge effects

Biodiversity Latitude Depth Pollution Theory of island biogeography Fig. 8-3 p. 167 Ants Birds Depth Pollution Theory of island biogeography

General Types of Species Native Non-native (exotic or alien) Indicator Keystone

Species Interactions: Competition Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition Interference competition Exploitation competition Competitive exclusion principle Resource partitioning

Resource Partitioning Fig. 8-9 p. 175; Refer to Fig. 7-13 p. 152 & Fig. 8-10 p. 175

Species Interactions: Predation Predator Prey Prey acquisition Predator Avoidance Refer to Fig. 8-11 p. 177

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism Parasite Host Endoparasites Ectoparasites

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism Reproductive mutualism: pollination Nutritional mutualism Nutritional/protection mutualism Fig. 8-12 p. 179

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism Indirect: i.e., small plants growing in shade of larger plants Direct: i.e., epiphytes, remoras Fig. 8-13 p. 180

Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition Primary succession Secondary succession Pioneer species Successional species

Primary Succession Fig. 8-14 p. 180

Secondary Succession Fig. 8-15 p. 181

Succession and Wildlife Fig. 8-16 p. 182

The Rate of Succession Facilitation Inhibition Tolerance Refer to Table 8-1 p. 182

Ecological Stability and Sustainability Disturbance Climax community Inertia Refer to Table 8-2 p. 193 Constancy Resilience Precautionary principle