Ch2.3: The Early Byzantine Empire EQ’s: How did the Byzantine Empire’s location, and the city of Constantinople, influenced its culture? 2. Explain why did the church split into 2 and their major differences.

Remember! Rome was split into two pieces by Emperor Diocletian The western portion of Rome fell to invaders The eastern part survived and became known as the Byzantine Empire

Justinian I After Western Roman Empire fell, Byzantine Empire rose to great heights In large part due to powerful ruler named Justinian I Justinian reigned (ruled) from 527-565

The Rule of Justinian Expanded the Byzantine Empire Recaptured some of Rome’s lost land from Germanic tribes Developed legal code known as the Justinian Code used in Byzantine for 900 years Did many public works – Built many churches, palaces, and other buildings Hagia Sophia – a famous church Justinian's code was an organized collection and explanation of the Roman laws. Justinian updated Roman law (got rid of old law). Laws were a basis for criminal law, marriage, property, slavery and women’s rightsmportant because it became the basis for legal systems of most modern european countries. He built a large and impressive palace where he lived with his wife, and trusted advisor, Empress Theodora.

A good video to show here on the Hagia Sophia can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usp6GLrzdws

Have students note the minarets that are in this picture and explain that this illustration came from when the Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque.

Stop! Review Question: What were some of Justinian’s main accomplishments?

FYI: Theodora and Justinian Theodora was Justinian’s wife Met when she was an actress An old Roman law forbid an emperor to marry an actress so Justinian got rid of the law Theodora had a lot of power and influence in Justinian’s decisions as ruler

Wife of Emperor Justinian Raised in poverty and became an actress Most powerful woman in Byzantine history Met with foreign envoys (Representatives) & leaders, passed laws Protected women’s rights In 1532 a rebellion broke out and her husband and advisors wanted to flee the palace. Theodora convinced them to stay and fight and Tens of thousands protestors were killed Historians believe that such action saved Justinian’s crown

Rise of Constantinople Location of Constantinople played key role in city’s growth located between Europe and southwest Asia Became center of trade and business merchants sold items from Asia, Africa, and all over Europe Citizen’s enjoyed free entertainment in the Hippodrome (city’s large arena) The main street that ran through the city was the Mese (MEHS-ee) or “middle way” On the street you could see the merchant stalls line the street selling their products

The Hippodrome – City’s Large Arena

Stop. Review Questions: 1. Why was Constantinople able to grow. 2 Stop! Review Questions: 1. Why was Constantinople able to grow? 2. What were some of the main attractions of Constantinople?

Influences From Others Byzantine Empire was greatly effected by different cultures from East AND West goods and ideas from other countries throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe were exchanged Byzantine was built on Roman foundations and ideas but it also developed its own ways

Byzantium = Constantinople = Istanbul Western Europe East – Gateway to Asia and Middle East  © Students of History - https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History

Stop! Review Question: What effect did the Byzantine Empire’s location have on its culture?

Disagreements Split Christianity Christianity was the main religion in Byzantine Empire and the West but it developed differently in each place Differences led to split in Christian church Led to two distinct European civilizations Even though the Western Roman Empire fell Christianity remained a strong influence in the region

FYI: Remember: Christianity in the Empire Christianity began during the Roman Empire Constantine allowed it to flourish by stopping all attacks on Christians. By the fall of Rome it was well established in Europe and had a huge following

Christian Structure In a church - Priests led small groups of Christians Bishops supervised several churches and priests Head bishop of all Rome was known as the Pope Pope was head of entire Christian Church

Rome - Home of the Pope City of Rome (located in the former Western Roman Empire) was home to the Pope and the center of Christianity

Clash of Popes and Emperors As Byzantine Empire grew emperors often did not get along with the Pope Byzantine emperors (also known as the Head of State) considered themselves the final authority on religious issues The Pope insisted that they had the final say on religious issues

FYI: Example of Debate Over Religious Power: Byzantine emperor/Head of State, Leo III, banned use of icons Icons = religious images used by Eastern Christians to aid in prayer (Pictures, crosses, etc) Emperor Leo III said use of icons was idol worship (belief in false gods)

Religious images used by Christians for devotion Thought to connect believer to image in the icon The Pope supported icons but in the east idol worship was banned

FYI: One Example of Debate Over Religious Power: Pope’s Response The Pope disagreed and supported the use of icons He excommunicated (removed from the church) Emperor Leo III

The Church Splits In 1054 differences lead to a schism, or official split, between the 2 groups Result = creation of 2 new Christian religions: Roman Catholic Church (Church of the West) Eastern Orthodox Church (Church of the East) Differences between Eastern and Western Christians continued to grow leading to the schism, or split After the split both churches still embrace many of the same principles of Christianity But have different structures and beliefs to set them apart especially in the area of the church-state relations

Split occurred in the 16th century Christianity Roman Catholic Protestant Eastern Orthodox The Split occurred in 1054 Split occurred in the 16th century

Stop! Review Question: Power between which two people lead to a schism/split in the Christian church?

Who has Authority In Roman Catholicism Pope claimed authority over church AND kings and emperors In Eastern Orthodoxy, emperor (Head of State) ruled over the patriarch (leader of Eastern Orthodox church)

Stop! Review Question: How did the schism of 1054 affect the Christian church? Who has authority over the Eastern Orthodox Church?

FYI:Lesson Summary: After the Western Roman Empire fell, the Byzantine Empire continued many Roman ways Influenced by both Rome and the East, the Byzantines developed a unique culture Disagreements within the Christian church caused it to split into two separate churches

Why It Matters Now… Today, millions of people still practice Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Summary: Complete a 10 sentence minimum summary answering the EQ’s with details! Remember to PROVE your summary answer supporting your answers with facts! Remember the EQ’s were: Describe how the Byzantine Empire’s location, including the city of Constantinople, influenced its culture. Describe why the church split into 2 and how the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches are different.