Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

The Methods of Science What is Science? Discuss what students think science is… then compare to textbook. What are questions science can answer? What questions cannot be answered by science?

The Methods of Science Major Categories of Science - Science Changes Scientific Explanations can change based on more information - Model of the Atom Do scientists one stick to one major category of science or do they overlap, explain? Give another example of Scintific Explainations changing. - Spontaneous Generation - Geocentric vs. Heliocentric

The Methods of Science Investigations Observations Experiments Modeling

The Methods of Science Scientific Methods - scientists may add or skip steps - State problem - Research/Gather Information - Form Hypothesis - Test a Hypothesis Experiment - Variables - Independent Variable - Dependent Variable - Constant - Control - Play brainpop movie first Give teams cards, have them generate a problem to solve through experimentation, then switch cards and New teams must develop a hypothesis for each card. Then teams must generate an experiment identifying constants, independent, dependent and control.

The Methods of Science - Analyze the data - Draw Conclusions - Peer Review - Being Objective Bias – How can one lessen bias in an experiment? Data supports or does not support hypothesis… no proof. Bias can be lessened by running as many trials as possible keeping accurate notes blind experiments measurable data

The Methods of Science Visualizing with Models Model – When would a model be useful? Scientific Theories and Laws theory – scientific law – How are theories and laws similar and different? Limitations of Science What are some limitations of science?

Standards of Measurement What is the positive thing about using a standard? Measurement Systems English System vs. Metric

Standards of Measurement

Standards of Measurement - Converting Between SI units -Using Conversion Factors Example: 1700 mg = ______g 1700 mg X __1g____= 1000 mg Answer :

Standards of Measurement -Using the Ladder Method Example: 1700 mg = ______g K H Da B D C M Find starting place. Jump to ending place. Move decimal on number, same jumps. Answer :

Standards of Measurement Let’s Practice!!!!! 3.2 mg = ________ g 450 cm = ________mm 12.39 kL = _______L 392, 500 mm = _______km

Standards of Measurement • Measuring Length -Base Unit = meter -Use the right unit for the job • Measuring Volume - volume - -How do you find the volume of a brick? -How do you find the volume of a bolt? -cm3 (cc) & mL

Standards of Measurement • Measuring Mass and Density -matter – -mass – - How do you measure the mass of something in a container, like water? -density – -What are derived units?

Standards of Measurement 1) A block of aluminum occupies a volume of 15.0 mL and has a mass of 40.5 g. What is its density? 2) A rectangular block of copper metal mass of 1896 g. The dimensions of the block are 8.4 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.6 cm. From this data, what is the density of copper? 3) Calculate the density of sulfuric acid if 35.4 mL of the acid weighs 65.14 g.

Standards of Measurement • Measuring Time -SI Unit = second Measuring Temperature -Celsius -Fahrenheit - Kelvin

Standards of Measurement 1. Convert 150 Celsius to Fahrenheit 2. 339 Kelvin to Celsius 3. 78.8 Fahrenheit to Celsius

Communicating with Graphs • A Visual Display -graph – -Why are graphs useful? -What types of graphs are there?

Communicating with Graphs • Line Graphs -usually changes over time -multiple lines on same graph -Constructing line graphs -X-axis = independent variable -Y-axis = dependent variable

Communicating with Graphs • Bar Graphs -comparing information -x-axis = independent variable -y-axis = dependent variable

Communicating with Graphs • Circle Graphs (pie charts) -shows how fixed quantity is broken into parts using percentages

Science and Technology • What is technology? - Technology – - Technology can be - Objects - Methods or techniques - Knowledge or skills - Systems of people or objects Science and Technology

Science and Technology • Global Technological Needs - Developing Countries vs Industrialized Countries

Science and Technology • Social Forces that Shape Technology - Society – - Development of technology is affected by society - Values - Politics - Economics

Science and Technology • Economic Forces that Shape Technology -Federal Government - Private Foundations - Private Industries

Science and Technology • Moral and Ethical Issues - establishes standards that scientists will follow when conducting Investigations - creates laws and guidelines to prevent unethical treatment - ex. Tuskegee experiment, radiation experiments - Biotechnology - stem cells - GM crops Science and Technology

Science and Technology