Chapter 11 Major Minerals and Bone Health Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Minerals in the Body Inorganic elements needed by the body in small amounts for health and maintenance Major minerals Needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight Trace minerals Required in the diet in amounts less than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts less than 0.01% of body weight Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Minerals Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Minerals in the Diet Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Minerals Available in unprocessed foods, some processed foods and dietary supplements To maintain health, minerals must be consumed in the correct proportions Bioavailability is very important For example, phytates can limit the body’s ability to absorb calcium, zinc and iron DRIs for minerals are expressed as RDAs, EARs or AIs ULs have been established for certain minerals due to toxicity Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Compounds that Interfere with Mineral Absorption Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Minerals as Cofactors Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure and Remodeling Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Osteoporosis Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Risk Factors of Osteoporosis Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Compression Fractures Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Mass through the Lifecycle Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Calcium Most abundant mineral in the body Accounts for 1–2% of adult body weight Provides structure to bones and teeth and has important regulatory roles Absorbed by active transport and passive diffusion, depending on the availability of the active form of vitamin D Bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of tannins, fiber, phytates and oxalates Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Calcium’s Role in the Body 99% of calcium in the body is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth The remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid Calcium found in the body’s fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation and the release of hormones Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Calcium in the Diet Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Soda vs. Milk Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Calcium Absorption Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Regulation of Blood Calcium Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Phosphate Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Phosphorus Makes up about 1% of an adult’s body 85% of phosphorus in the body is found in the bones and teeth More readily absorbed than calcium An important component of molecules with structural or regulatory roles Phosphorus deficiency can lead to bone loss, weakness and loss of appetite Phosphorus toxicity is rare, but can lead to bone resorption Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Phosphorus in the Diet Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Phosphorus and Energy Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnesium About 50-60% of magnesium in the body is found in bone Most of the remaining magnesium is present inside cells A cofactor for over 300 enzymes Necessary for the generation of energy from carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Magnesium deficiency is rare Occurs in individuals with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney and GI disease or in people taking diuretics May cause nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, mental derangement and changes in blood pressure and heartbeat Magnesium toxicity is rare The UL for adults has been set at 350 mg from nonfood sources of magnesium Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 23

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnesium in the Diet Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 24

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sulfur Found in protein foods and sulfur-containing amino acids in vitamins Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are needed for protein synthesis Found in nonfood additives, such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite The vitamins thiamin and biotin contain sulfur There is no recommended daily intake for sulfur Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 25

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein . Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 26