Who will we be looking at? The JULIO CLAUDIANS Tiberius 14 -37 A.D Gaius Germanicus (Caligula) 37-41 A.D Claudius 41-54 A.D Nero 54 – 68 A.D Year of the 4 Emperors 69 A.D JULIAN & CLAUDIAN Who was the longest and shorted ruling emperors? None of these emperors are the BIOLOGICAL sons of the predecessor – issues and scandals with successiosn Julian –descendants, ancestry of Augustus and Julius Caesar Claudian – descendants of Livia (third wife of Caesar) and her first husband Tiberius Claudius Nero

The Impact of the death of Augustus Historical period: the Julio-claudians

Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus. The yellow legend represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, the shades of green represent gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus, and pink areas on the map represent client states; however, areas under Roman control shown here were subject to change even during Augustus' reign, especially in Germania.

What is the PRINCIPATE? “princeps” - “princeps civitatis” Effort by emperors (at least in the beginning) to preserve the illusion of the formal continuance of the Roman Empire and the features of a republic. Handout – changing role of the principate First citizen – first among equals. Used during the republic – it implied authroity, supremacy, equality, importance of public image in regards to art, architecture and coins.. Princeps embodied all the virtues of an ideal ruler – clemency and justice; who was to also “look after” Rome like a father figure.

Augustus Died an old man – 76 Long reign –27BC – AD14 Death - AD14 Principate “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” Some of the concerns that would have faced him include: Technically a republic not monarchy Legitimate heir When to announce the succession Died AD14 – Tiberius and Livia by his side (Nola) Funeral procession Divinised

Republic not a monarchy Once Augustus had secured his position in Rome, he constantly declared that he had restored the Republic. However, Augustus was bestowed with many titles, but the ones that wielded him the most power were princeps senatus – right to speak first in the senate princeps civitatis – first citizen in the Roman state; no powers BUT implied supremacy and authority. Powers of Augustus “proconsular maius imperium” “tribunicia potestas” If Augustus had in fact restored the republic, then in a republic there are no hereditary titles or positions. To announce a successor would imply not a republic but a monarchy or dictatorship – The empire WAS NOT HEREDITARY Powers of AUG - supreme administrative power over matters such as law, military command, policy making, life and death Proconsular maius imperium Proconsular imperium - Supreme power anywhere in the empire Controlled extended provinces, armed forces, military treasury and foreign policy. Ensured the welfare of Rome. Could enter the city of Rome and keep his power. Tribunicaa Potestas Right to veto legislation Convened the people’s assembly and the Senate. Sacrosanct (protected by the position) Presented legislation Influenced the nomination of magistrates.

Legitimate heir Augustus concerned about what would happen to Rome after his death and wished to appoint someone to follow in his stead and ensure a strong Roman Empire. He laid his hopes in grandsons, nephews, adopted sons – however they all died– illness, wounds, battle. Augustus (died 14AD) Julia Caius Caesar (died 4AD) Lucius Caesar (died 2AD) Agrippa Postmus (died 14AD) Livia Tiberius Claudius Nero Nero Claudius Drusus m FAMILY TREE HANDOUT SUETONIUS - trouble with finding an heir COPY TABLE DOWN AND write relation and how they died. Augustus – daughter Julia marries friend of Augustus Agrippa dies 12BC Tiberius forced to DIVROCE his wife and marry Julia 6BC tiberius retires from Rome – 8 yr self imposed exile to Rhodes Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar adopted as sons – dies 4 and 2 AD

Announcing the successor Careful to keep the Senate on his side – did not ‘announce’ a successor Did not ‘announce’ but transferred powers of tribune and proconsul while he was still alive.  Therefore, when Augustus died, the new emperor would already hold the important offices to guarantee a smooth transition of power.  Over time, and the memories of the Republic faded would fade and it would be taken for granted that the emperor's son or chosen successor should be the next emperor, even if he did not already hold the appropriate powers.

Accession of Tiberius Powers transferred to Tiberius while Augustus was still alive Tribunicia Potestas Consulare Postestas Maius Imperium Pontifex Maximus “He then chose Marcus Agrippa to be his associate in this power, and on Agrippa’s death, Tiberius Nero, that there might be no uncertainity as to the succession.” Tacitus 3.56

Tiberius as Princeps Long reign AD14 – AD37 Retired from Rome often Before becoming princeps 6BC – self imposed exile to Rome (recalled by Augustus AD4) During his reign to the island of Capri – palace on the hills Why? Absence of power – explosion of treason trials, increased power of non-imperials (prefect of the Praetorian Guard Sejanus) Concerned with military affairs Public image (differed form Augustus) Did not spend money on public games, building projects Not fulfilling role as patron of Rome Increased visibility of the Praetorian Guard