Ch 28-1 “China Resists Outside Influence”

ETHNOCENTRISM Gobi Desert Great Wall Himalaya Mts. SELF-SUFFICIENT AND ADVANCED CULTURE…NO “NEEDS”! 2

Setting the Stage Chinese looked down on all foreigners 1793 – Qing Emperor agrees to receive an Ambassador from England Brings gifts (clocks, globes, musical instruments, and a hot-air balloon) Emperor was not impressed Not interested in “strange objects” and gadgets from the West

China and the West China was self-sufficient Healthy agricultural economy (rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts) Mining (salt, tin, silver, and iron) Manufacturing (silk, high-quality cotton, and fine porcelain) Only place westerners were allowed to do business was the southern port of Guangzho) Europeans eventually found a product they would buy…

What are the Chinese willing to buy from Europe? Opium - Narcotic made from the poppy plant Chinese doctors used it to kill pain Late 18th Century – British begin to smuggle opium into China for non-medical use By 1835 as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted

Opium Opium is made from poppies British profit from selling to Chinese Traders took British made cloth to India They traded cloth for opium Opium exchanged for tea/silk in China Tea/silk shipped to England Chinese declare drug illegal

Opium War Emperor Qing was angry and one of his advisors writes a letter to Queen Victoria The pleas to stop the illegal opium trade are ignored 1839 – Opium War Battles took place mostly at sea China’s outdated ships were no match for British steam-powered gunboats 1842 – Treaty of Nanjing Gave British the island off Hong Kong

Results of Treaty of Nanjing British get Hong Kong

Extraterritorial Rights 1844 – additional treaty gives U.S. and other foreign citizens extraterritorial rights Not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other ports Chinese resent foreigners and the trade in opium they conducted

Growing Internal Problems Number of Chinese grew from 430 million in 1850, a gain of 30% in 60 years Food production barely increased Hunger was widespread Opium addiction increased as people became discouraged

Taiping Rebellion Taiping means “great peace” Late 1830s – Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” All people would share wealth and no one would live in poverty 1850s – massive peasant army of one million people Took control of large areas of southeastern China

Taiping Rebellion (continued) 1853 – Hong captures the city of Nanjing and declares it the capital Hong gives family members and trusted lieutenants in charge of the government of his kingdom Constantly feuded among themselves Qing and British troops launch attacks 1864 – combination of internal fighting and outside assaults brings down Taiping government At least 20 million people die during the rebellion

Self-Strengthening Movement 1862 – 1908 – Dowager Empress Cixi Updated education, diplomatic service and military Set-up factories to manufacture gunboats, rifles, and ammunition

Other Nations Step In Many nations took advantage of China’s continuing problems Attacked China Treaty Negotiations gave other nations increasing influence over China’s economy Many European nations and Japan gained a strong foothold in China Sphere of influence – an area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

Other Nations Step In (continued) Americans worried that other nations would divide China into formal territories 1899- United States declares the Open Door Policy China’s “doors” should be open to merchants of all nations Britain and other nations agree Protects U.S. trading rights and China’s freedom Country still at the mercy of foreign powers

Open Door?

Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism Chinese demanded change because of their loss of power 1898 - Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China Educational System Strengthening the Economy Modernizing Military Streamlining Government

Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism (continued) Most Qing officials saw these reforms as a threat of power Called Dowager Empress back to the royal court On her return she placed Guangxu under arrest, took control of government, and reversed reforms No change occurred and the Chinese people continued to get frustrated

Boxer Rebellion FRUSTRATIONS RESULTS Poor peasants and workers resented special privileges of foreigners Resented Chinese Christians for adopting foreign faith Formed the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) Campaign against Dowager Empress became known as Boxer Rebellion

Society of Harmonious Fists Forming a secret society that practiced martial arts, their martial arts were called “boxing” by Americans and Europeans. They fought the Europeans, and put foreign areas of Chinese cities under sieges of up to a year.

Boxer Rebellion (continued) Spring 1900 – Boxers invade Beijing “Death to the foreign devils” Kept European section of the city under attack for several months Dowager Empress expressed support but did not provide military support August 1900 – multinational force of 19,000 defeated Boxers in Beijing

Results of the Boxer Rebellion Strong sense of nationalism emerged Chinese people realized their country must resist more foreign intervention Government must become more responsive to their needs

The Beginnings of Reform 1905 – Dowager Empress sends a select group of Chinese officials on a world tour to study different governments Japan, United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Italy 1906 – officials return and recommended basing their government on the constitutional democracy of Japan Change was slow

The Beginnings of Reform (continued) 1908 – announcement that they would establish a full constitutional government by 1917. China continued to experience unrest for the next 4 decades Japan also experiences pressure from the West…

Opium War CAUSES: BRITAIN’S REFUSAL TO STOP OPIUM TRADE TO CHINA EFFECTS: Chinese defeated/humiliated Cession of Hong Kong to Britain Opium trade continues Extraterritorial Rights granted to foreigners Increased Chinese nationalism and resentment towards foreigners 26

Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan CAUSES: EFFECTS: Poverty, hunger, and starvation Discontent w/ gov’t corruption Increasing opium addiction Resentment of privileges given Christian missionaries EFFECTS: Failure after 10 yrs. of fighting Restoration of Qing Dynasty to power Destruction of Farmland by armies… 20 million starve; poverty increases 27

Self-Strengthening Movement CAUSES: Need to modernize education & military Finally supported by Empress EFFECTS: Ability to produce Chinese warships & ammunition Boost of Chinese morale However, creation of military arsenal run by foreigners Empress Cixi, Qing Dynasty 28

Open Door Policy CAUSES: EFFECTS: China’s weak military, economy, & gov’t Division of China into spheres of influence USA fears China will become future colony of Britain…US business will be “locked out” EFFECTS: Protection of US trade interests China remains free of colonization Economic imperialism rather than spheres of influence in China 29

Boxer Rebellion CAUSES: EFFECTS: Frustration over poor living conditions Lack of successful gov’t reforms – Failure of the 100 Days of Reform Resent of special privileges given to foreigners EFFECTS: Failure to bring about change Increases sense of NATIONALISM Qing Dynasty begins to take serious steps toward reform (Dynasty ends 1912) 30