North Africa Preview Section 1: Natural Environments World Geography Today 8/2/2018 North Africa Preview Section 1: Natural Environments Section 2: History and Culture Section 3: The Region Today Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter 21

Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover What landform regions are found in North Africa? What factors influence the region’s climates? What natural resources does the region have?

Section 1: Natural Environments Landforms and Rivers Coastal plains along Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean Atlas Mountains parallel to the coast The Sahara—Ergs (sand areas), regs (gravel plains), depressions (quicksand, salt marshes, dry lakebeds), wadis (dry streambeds) Nile River

Section 1: Natural Environments Question What factors affect the climate of North Africa?

Section 1: Natural Environments Factors Affecting North African Climate Causes Effects • Atlas Mountains • Rain shadow • Harmattan • Arid climate • Subtropical high-pressure system • Sandstorms • Mediterranean climate • Coastline

Section 1: Natural Environments Climate Factors Coastal Zone—Mediterranean climate, with warm dry summers and mild rainy winters Sub-tropical high pressure keeps region dry Rain shadow caused by Atlas Mountains contributes to dryness Hot dry wind (harmattan) sweeps south across Sahara causing violent sandstorms

Section 1: Natural Environments Natural Resources Oil and natural gas—Especially in Libya Minerals—Iron ore, lead, phosphates, zinc Fishing off Moroccan coast Water from irrigation and oases—Produces grapes, olives, dates, grains, vegetables Nile Delta—Rich farmland, cotton and rice

Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover What peoples have settled in and ruled North Africa? What are the people and culture of the region like today?

Section 2: History and Culture Settlers and Rulers Egyptian civilization arose along the Nile around 3000 B.C. Phoenicians established trade colonies like Carthage by 800 B.C. Alexander the Great founded Alexandria in 332 B.C. Roman Empire controlled the area after 146 B.C. Vandals set up a kingdom in Libya in the A.D. 400s.

Section 2: History and Culture Settlers and Rulers (continued) The Byzantine Empire claimed North Africa in A.D. 500s. Arab Muslims conquered the region in 600s. Ottoman Turks ruled from 1500s to late 1800s. Europeans came in 1800s—French, Spanish, Italians, British. Independence came after World War II.

Section 2: History and Culture Question What languages, religions, peoples, and types of clothing are found in North Africa?

Section 2: History and Culture Religions Mostly Muslim, some Christians and Jews Peoples Mostly Arab and Arab-Berber, some Bedouins North African Culture Clothing Caftans, hooded robes, gallibiya, women mostly covered Languages Mostly Arabic, also Berber, French, Italian, English

Section 3: The Region Today Read to Discover What are the economies and cities of North Africa like? What challenges do the people there face?

Section 3: The Region Today Economic Activities Issues typical of developing countries—Government spending, inflation, trade Oil and natural gas—Key in several countries Agriculture also important Tourism—Especially important in Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia Unemployment causes migration

Section 3: The Region Today Cities Largest cities are Casablanca and the capitals: Cairo, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Rabat Mix of modern and traditional architecture Becoming crowded with population growth and migration from rural areas Older cores surrounded by rings of crowded slums Lack of housing; people living in tents, boats, tombs

Section 3: The Region Today Question What political and environmental issues currently exist in North Africa?

Section 3: The Region Today Issues in North Africa Political Political unrest Clashes between government and religious groups Civil war in Algeria Clashes between Libyan government and United States Environmental Desertification Pollution from oil refining Polluted water supplies Fertilizer pollution in the Nile Nile Delta shrinking

Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas World Geography Today 8/2/2018 Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas How have wind and water shaped important physical features of the Sahara? Why are plants and animals in Egypt limited mostly to areas along the Nile Valley and Delta? Which ethnic group makes up the majority of North Africa’s population? When did this ethnic group first move into North Africa? What is the main religion of North Africa? What are two minority religions there? Why have many people in the region left to find work elsewhere? What has made the problem worse? Chapter 21