1. By: Rana, Sandra, Andy, Johnathan, & Noam
Geography of Africa
By: Rana, Sandra, Andy, Johnathan, & Noam

2. Topic: Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa
AIM: How did geography and natural resources affect the development of early societies throughout Africa? Do Now: What developments affected the African societies? How can geography affect societies?

3. Vocabulary
Savanna: A grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees. Desertification: Process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. . Outpost: A small military camp or position at some distance from the main force, used especially as a guard against surprise attack.

4. Geography of Africa
Africa is the second largest continent, covering one fifth of all the Earth's land surface. Its geography is immensely varied. However, Africa's geographic features had a major impact on the development of societies. Such as distinct climate zones.

5. Geography of Africa: climate zones
As what comes to almost everyone's mind, Africa is a continent covered with thick jungles. In fact, tropical rain forests cover less than 5% of the land. Thick trees and roots never help this region suitable for farming. Savanna is Africa's most populated climate zone, it's full of grassy plain, which stretches north and south of the forest zone. The Sahara, in Northern Africa is the biggest desert in the world! Since it is dry there, farming is almost impossible. The word Sahara in Arabic means desert. It stretches 3000 miles from the Atlantic Sea to the Red Sea.

6. Rainforests
Fun Fact: Tropical rainforests cover less than 5%of the land.Rainforests are thick vegetation which has heavy amount of rain to make it very moist.
Africa's largest and most climate zone is the Savanna, or grassy plains. Generally has good soil and enough rainfall to support farming.

7. Bantu Migrations
Since the desert was too dry to farm, people started to migrate to find new farmland.
They were known as the “bantus” (West African farmers and herders)
Migrated about 2000 years ago
Language they spoke was Bantu
Major Impacts: Spread knowledge about farming, ironworking, domesticating animals, and as well as the culture and language
In fact, Bantu influence is still around today and hundreds of languages in Africa are based on Bantu.

8. Since their is a plethora amount of climate regions to live in, different people will settle the land in certain areas.

9. The Nile Kingdom of Nubia
Rulers of the Nubian kingdom accepted many ideas and traditions from Egypt
Began to build pyramids, worship Egyptian gods, wear Egyptian clothing, and even use same kind of writing!
Despite the similarities, they were always rival to Egyptians and even threatened the Egyptian empire

10. North Africa Gets Invaded?
Carthage was a major trading city, up until the Punic Wars.
After the war ended, Rome took over North Africa. Some things they built were roads, dams, cities, and etc...

11. Muslim Influence
Since routes started to expand, eventually Muslim traders made their way into North Africa from the Middle East.
They introduce camels to travel across the Sahara

12. Location: locate a) Lake Victoria b) Orange River c) Lake Nyasa.

13. Salt and Gold Trade
Since Salt was rare to find in Africa, it was highly valued
Salt can retain water and preserve food
Sahara in North Africa had lots of Salt
West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal) had almost no salt, but plenty of gold
Many times, they would trade a pound of salt for a pound of gold.

14. North Africa
Geography: Early African civilizations had strong ties with the Mediterranean sea.
Roman Rule: Romans built roads, dams, aqueducts, and cities across north Africa which led them civilize in North Africa & spread Christianity.
Camels and Trade: Camels were brought to North Africa by Asia to trade.
Spread of Islam: Arab armies carried into North Africa, they brought Islam with them and spread North Africa.

15. 1) what were the largest things that Africa had
1) what were the largest things that Africa had ? 2) what were the unexplored places in Africa ? 3) write down 3 things that you learned in today's video

16. Exit Slip
How did the Bantu migrations contribute to Africa's diversity?
From 3-4 sentences