Testing and Individual Differences Define intelligence… olson

Who Is the Most Intelligent?...

Serena Williams Age 22 won a record-setting three Grand Slam tennis titles in a row for an unheard-of 6 Grand Slams Won the 2003 Wimbledon title First woman tennis player to earn $4 million in a single year

Bill Gates At age 48 he became the richest man in the US- worth $61 billion He began writing computer programs in 8th grade Wrote one of the first operating systems to run a computer In his 20s he founded Microsoft

Kim Ung-Yong Scored a 210 IQ on the Stanford-Binet test and made the Guinness Book of World Records By age 3 he learned differential calculus By age 4 he could read & write 4 languages He received his Ph.D in physics at age 15 and then began work for NASA

Midori Age 3 she began playing the violin She could memorize and flawlessly perform long and complicated pieces of classical music By age 10 she was considered a musical prodigy and played with the NY Philharmonic Orchestra

How Do We Measure Individual Differences? Measuring individual differences is an essential component of psychology, but strict guidelines and ethical standards must be followed to ensure results and conclusions are valid and appropriate olson

Validity and Reliability Validity – A property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure Face validity Content validity Item analysis Criterion validity olson

Validity and Reliability Reliability – A property exhibited by a test that yields the same results over time Test-retest reliability Split-half reliability olson

Standardization and Norms Scientists use statistics to establish a normal curve This curve can be used to describe most phenomena Normal range – Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution fudge olson

The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores Many Number of Persons Normal Range Few 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 100 IQ olson

Types of Tests Objective tests can be scored easily by machine In subjective tests, individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story olson

Inkblots olson

With this idea in mind Rorschach Tests are losing ground. Inter-rater reliability measures how similarly two different test scorers would score a test With this idea in mind Rorschach Tests are losing ground. olson

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) olson

Ethics and Standards in Testing Ethical concerns related to testing involve: The confidentiality of the test results How to report the results How to use the test to compare individuals The impact of tests on society as a whole olson

What do you know? When we check to see whether a test will yield the same results over time, we are assessing its Reliability Validity Normality Objectivity subjectivity The TAT is a _______________ test? All of the following are components of ethical testing except: Item analysis instinct olson

How is Intelligence Measured? Intelligence testing has a history of controversy, but most psychologists now view intelligence as a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of tasks olson

How is Intelligence Measured? Binet-Simon Test calculated a child’s mental age and compared it to his or her chronological age In America, testing became widespread for the assessment of Army recruits, immigrants, and schoolchildren The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is the most respected of the new American tests of intelligence olson

How is Intelligence Measured? Intelligence quotient – A numerical score on an intelligence test, original computed by dividing a person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100 The original IQ calculation was abandoned in favor of standard scores based on the normal distribution olson

Sample IQ Test Items Select the best definition for each word: Viable Traveled Capable of living V-shaped Can be bent Imminent Defenseless Expensive Impending notorious olson

Analogies: examine the relationship between the first two words Analogies: examine the relationship between the first two words. Then find the answer that has the same relationship with the word in bold letters: Washington:Lincoln July: January April May October Ocean:Canoe Verse: Poem Pen Water serve olson

Similarities: Which letter on the right belongs to the same category as the one on the left? J AMSZT A SDUVX olson

Sequences: Choose the answer that best completes the sequence: Azbycxd? E, s, u, w, f 1 3 6 10 15? 16, 18, 21, 27, 128 olson

Mathematical reasoning Portland and Seattle are actually 150 miles apart, but on a map they are two inches apart. If Chicago and Norfolk are five inches apart on the same map, what is the actual distance between those two cities? 125 miles 250 miles 375 miles 525 miles The roundest knight at King Arthur's round table was Sir Cumference.       He acquired his size from too much pi. olson

The Exceptional Child Mental retardation – Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range Giftedness – Often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range olson

Terman’s studies Selected 1528 children who scored near the top of the IQ range in 1921. Longitudinal study until they were adults. Retested them throughout the years. Gathered information on achievements and adjustment patterns. Excelled in school They published 2000 scientific articles, patented 235 inventions, wrote 92 books. Despite achievements none of them became a Picasso, Einstein etc. Many of them led normal uneventful lives. olson

Check your understanding RECALL: One of Binet’s great ideas was that of mental age, which was defined as a. the average age at which people achieve a particular score on an intelligence test. b. an individual’s biological age plus the score he or she achieves on a mental test. c. an individual’s level of emotional maturity, as judged by the examiner. d. The variability in scores seen when an individual is tested repeatedly. e. a means of measuring performance on a test against a specific learning goal. olson

APPLICATION: You have tested a 12-year-old child and found that she has a mental age of 15. Using the original IQ formula, what is her IQ? 50 75 100 115 125 olson

RECALL: A problem with the original IQ formula is that it gave a distorted picture of the intellectual abilities of Adults Children Retarded persons Gifted students The elderly olson

Core Concept If intelligence is a normally distributed characteristic, then you would expect to find it To be different abilities in different people To be spread throughout the population, but with most people clustered near the middle of the range. To a significant degree only in people whose IQ scores are above 100. To be determined entirely by hereditary factors. To be determined entirely by environmental factors. olson

What Are the Components of Intelligence? Some psychologists believe that the essence of intelligence is a single, general factor, while others believe intelligence is best described as a collection of distinct abilities olson

What Are the Components of Intelligence? Savant syndrome – Found in individuals who have a remarkable talent even though they are mentally slow in other domains What Are the Components of Intelligence? Dustin Hoffman portrayed an autistic savant in the film Rain Man. olson

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on other. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed g Factor – A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity G – is for general intellect, something that is innate. olson

Raymond Cattell 1963 two components: Psychometric Theories of Intelligence “Mental Measurements” These Psychologists develop tests to measure mental abilities Raymond Cattell 1963 two components: Crystallized intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge Fluid intelligence – The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Ability to cope with the environment; “street smarts” Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Ability to analyze problems and find correct answers; ability measured by most IQ tests Analytical Intelligence also called logical reasoning Creative Intelligence olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight and creativity Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math problems and logic problems Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Ability to form mental images of objects and think about their relationships in space Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Ability to perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Ability for controlled movement and coordination Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense of identity Interpersonal Intrapersonal olson

Gardner’s Three New Intelligences Naturalistic intelligence - ability to discern patterns in nature – (e.g. Darwin) Spiritual Intelligence - recognition of the spiritual Existential intelligence - concern with 'ultimate issues' – The meaning of life kind of stuff. olson

Cultural Definitions of Intelligence Cross-cultural psychologists have shown that “intelligence” has different meanings in different cultures olson

How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? While most psychologists agree that both heredity and environment affect intelligence, they disagree on the source of IQ differences among racial and social groups olson

How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? Hereditarian arguments maintain that intelligence is substantially influenced by genetics Environmental approaches argue that intelligence can be dramatically shaped by influences such as Health Economics Education olson

Heritability and Group Differences Heritability – Amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences Heritability says nothing about between-group differences olson

Heritability and Group Differences Research with twins and adopted children shows genetic influences on a wide range of attributes, including intelligence Research has also shown that racial and class differences in IQ scores can be eliminated by environmental changes olson

End of PPT olson