1. Intelligence and Psychological Testing

2. Who Is the Most Intelligent?
What is Intelligence?
Define…..
Who Is the Most Intelligent?

3. Serena Williams
Age 22 won a record-setting three Grand Slam tennis titles in a row for an unheard-of 6 Grand Slams
Won the 2003 Wimbledon title
First woman tennis player to earn $4 million in a single year

4. Bill Gates
At age 48 he became the richest man in the US- worth $61 billion
He began writing computer programs in 8th grade
Wrote one of the first operating systems to run a computer
In his 20s he founded Microsoft

5. Kim Ung-Yong
Scored a 210 IQ on the Stanford-Binet test and made the Guinness Book of World Records
By age 3 he learned differential calculus
By age 4 he could read & write 4 languages
He received his Ph.D in physics at age 15 and then began work for NASA

6. Midori Age 3 she began playing the violin
She could memorize and flawlessly perform long and complicated pieces of classical music
By age 10 she was considered a musical prodigy and played with the NY Philharmonic Orchestra

7. So, who is more intelligence?
It depends how you define intelligence
Psychometrics- area of psych concerned with developing intelligence tests & other individual abilities (I.E- skills, beliefs, personality traits)

8. Psychological Tests
Mental Ability Tests Personality Tests
Intelligence Aptitude Achievement
Have you ever taken any of these? What are some of the issues that come with these tests?

9. Types of measures
Intelligence- measures general mental ability- a standardized measure of a sample of a person’s behavior
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory: g (general intelligence) & s (specific mental abilities)
Aptitude- assess specific types of mental abilities (ex: numerical, abstract reasoning)
Achievement- knowledge of various subjects (ex: history, literature, psychology)

10. Standardization and Norms
Standardization- uniform measure and procedures
Test norms-the ranking on a particular test or measurement
Percentile score- shows how many people score above and below a particular score

11. Reliability-
consistency of a test (similar results upon repetition)
To determine reliability you must compute the correlation coefficient between the two sets of scores
Most IQ test range into the .90s
From .7 to 1.0 are considered acceptable reliability coefficients
Low motivation or high anxiety could drag a person’s score down

12. Validity- ability of the test to measure what it was designed to
Are IQ tests valid?
They measure the kind of intelligence that’s necessary to do well in academic work (abstract reasoning & verbal fluency)
Positive correlations have been found between IQ scores and school grades (.5-.6)
The IQ test cannot assess intelligence in a broader sense (practical problem solving, social competence, creativity, etc)

13. Types of Validity Content-representative of the entire domain covered
Criterion-corresponding to another measure that is assessed
Construct- how a test measure a hypothetical construct

14. History of Intelligence Testing
Galton’s Study of Hereditary Genius (late 1800s)
Alfred Binet (1904)- 1st intelligence test
But NOT first IQ test
Mental Age
Stanford-Binet Test (1916)
Revised by Lewis Terman
New scoring based on “intelligent quotient” (IQ)
IQ = MENTAL AGE x 100
Chronological AGE

15. History of Intelligence Testing (cont.)
David Wechsler’s WAIS (1939)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Less dependent on verbal ability (p. 240)
New scoring based on a normal distribution
Raw scores translated into deviation IQ scores and then into percentile scores (p.241)
Extremes (Gifted & Retarded)- 2 SDs from mean

16. Fluid v. Crystallized Intelligence
Involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, & speed of information processing
Crystallized
Ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills to problem solving

17. Standard Intelligence Curve

18. Hereditary v. Environment
Twin & Adoption Studies
Heritability Ratio -proportion of a trait variability related to genetics
Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis
Reaction Range –genetically determined limits in intelligence
Flynn Effect
Economic component

19. Extremes in Intelligence
Mental retardation or intellectual disability- deficiencies in adaptive skills prior to age 18
Mild- IQ 55-70
Moderate- IQ 40-55
Severe- IQ 25-40
Profound IQ below 25

20. Giftedness
With all three - Eminence

21. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Contexual
Experimental Componential
Contexual- behaviors considered intelligent by a given culture (Adaptation Selection Shaping)
Experimental- relationship between experience and intelligence (Novelty Automation)
Componential- types of mental processes that intelligent thought depends on (practical, analytical, & creative)

23. Sternberg: Why Intelligent people fail
lack of motivation
lack of impulse control
lack of perseverance
fear of failure
procrastination
inability to delay gratification
too little/too much self-confidence

24. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
TAKE THE TEST!

25. Creativity & Intelligence
RAT Test- based on the assumption that creative people see unusual relationships between items
No correlation between creativity & intelligence
Correlation between creativity & mental disorders
General population: 15% has a mood disorder
Writers & artists: 50%
Composers: 45%

26. Test your creativity
What does it say about you?? Lets score it and see!

27. Cultural Differences in IQ
Jensen’s Heritability Explanation & the controversial “Bell Curve”
Stereotype Vulnerability
Cultural Bias on IQ Tests (take the cultural bias test)