Southern Empires, Southern Seas, 1200-1500 AP World History Chapter 14 Lecture Notes

I. Tropical Lands and Peoples The Tropical Environment The center of the tropical zone is marked by the equator The rainy and dry seasons in the Indian Ocean reflect the influence of the monsoons

I. Tropical Lands and Peoples B. Human Ecosystems The Tuareg – western Saharan pastoralists and caravan guides Largest concentration of pastoralists – NE Africa and Arabia Human migrations spread many useful plants and animals around tropics Sub-Saharan Africa’s form of extensive agriculture called shifting cultivation

I. Tropical Lands and Peoples C. Water Systems and Irrigation Extensive irrigation canals most significant factor to agriculture in the Delhi Sultanate Greatest network of irrigation canals between 14-19th century Large canals were vulnerable to natural disasters and political disruptions Smaller village level canals easier to construct

I. Tropical Lands and Peoples D. Mineral Resources Most abundant metal in the tropics was iron Africa also had copper and gold

II. New Islamic Empires Mali in the Western Sudan Empires of Mali – WA and Delhi in SA both utilized Islamidic administration The spread of Islam – a gradual and peaceful process of conversion – 1 exception was India Malinke legends – founder of Mali was Sundiata Derived significant income from gold and copper trade with N. African Muslim traders

II. New Islamic Empires Mali in the Western Sudan Mansa Kankan Musa famous pilgrimage to Mecca Demonstrated the enormous wealth of his country Pilgrimage resulted in construction of new mosques and Quranic schools in Mali

II. New Islamic Empires B. The Delhi Sultanate in India Turkish invaders able to invade India because of the division of India into small states Turkish conquest of northern India was aided by crossbows Delhi Sultanate had problems but it did centralize political authority to India.

II. New Islamic Empires B. The Delhi Sultanate in India Sultan Iltutmish passed his empire to his daughter – Raziya Sultan M ibn Tughlug aggressive territorial expansion but remarkable for religious toleration New kingdoms – Bahmani and Vijayanager emerged when D. Sultanate lost control

III. Indian Ocean Trade Monsoon Mariners Indian Ocean trade increase helped by: Collapse of the Mongol Empire = disruption of the overland trade routes Increased demand of luxury goods such as jewels, fine textiles and precious metals Construction of larger ships, making shipping cargo more profitable Rising prosperity of Asian, European, and African states, which stimulated expansion

III. Indian Ocean Trade Monsoon Mariners The characteristic ship of the Arabian Sean was the dhow The largest, most technologically advanced ship in the Indian Ocean was the Chinese was the junk The different regional networks of trade tied together by commercial interests.

III. Indian Ocean Trade B. Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe City-states along the E African coast Most important Swahili trading city – Kilwa Economic and political power of Great Zimbabwe was based on long-distance trade of gold, copper, and salt. Deforestation and cattle overgrazing caused the collapse of Great Zimbabwe

III. Indian Ocean Trade C. Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea A common interest in trade allowed the various peoples and religions of the Indian Ocean Basin to live in peace For the regions of Aden and Ethiopia to thrive commercially they must have mutual tolerance of diverse religions

III. Indian Ocean Trade D. India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast Unique about Gujarat – manufacturing center as well as a commercial / trade center Cities of the Malabar Coast were unified in a loose confederation

III. Indian Ocean Trade E. Southeast Asia: The Rise of Malacca As trade increased in the 14th and 15th C, the Strait of Malacca become the center of a political rivalry between Majapahit and Chinese pirates Malacca important port and meeting place for traders around the Eurasian world

IV. Social and Cultural Change Architecture, Learning and Religion The design of mosques that combined older traditions and new influences illustrated the blending of cultures Mosques were centers of learning and promoted literacy Before Islam spread literacy, Ethiopia was the only literate society

IV. Social and Cultural Change Architecture, Learning and Religion The spread of Islam to India promoted a new language that combined Persian and Hindi influence called Urdu Books were the most profitable item traded from N. Africa to Timbuktu – a center for learning Spread of Islam into India was done by force and removed many Hindu and Buddhist temples

IV. Social and Cultural Change B. Social and Gender Distinctions Growth of slavery accompanied the prosperity of the Asian and African kingdoms Status of women in tropical India improved, sati or widow burning became optional In India, a woman’s status was determined by her male master

IV. Social and Cultural Change B. Social and Gender Distinctions Women active roles / special skills Important culinary skills Child rearing and heavy farm work Spinning and weaving Making clothing and clay pots

V. The Western Hemisphere Mexica were organized in altepetl Toltecs and Aztecs – major states in the post classic periods The Aztec monarch was determined by a council of aristocrats Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec Empire The calpolli was the base of the altepetl The Aztecs formed their empire by ruthlessly conquering other peoples Long distance trade among the Aztecs was confined to lightweight goods like gold and animal skins Gender complementarity – was the differences between the positions held by men and women in Aztec society

V. The Western Hemisphere Andean civilization was isolated and mountainous The Andean mountain agriculture supported meat, grains and potatoes Llamas and alpacas were valued for wool, food and transportation The mit’a was a system of work organization by ayllu The important family structure in Andean civilization was the ayllu Labor in Andean civilization was divided according to gender

V. The Western Hemisphere The Aztec god that was the focus of the cult of the hummingbird was called Huitzilopochtli Wari and Tiwanaku were two Andean cities that precede the Inkan civilization By forcing the heirs of defeated rulers to live in the royal court, the Inka ensured the loyalty of defeated regions. The city of Cuzco was not as large as Tenochtitlan but it was laid out in the shape of a puma.