Hot Rolling Mill Fig. 16 – General layout of a large capacity hot strip mill (Sollac Fos sur Mer)

Dofasco #2 Hot Strip Mill Coilers Runout Table Finishing Mill Rougher Reheat Furnaces Strip 1.2-16 mm thick 508-1600 mm wide Transfer Bar ~30 mm Slab 216 mm

Advanced Hot Mills

Gallatin Steel (CSP)

Thin Strip Casting

Figure 3.8 Walking beam furnace at SSAB, Domnarvet. Reheating Furnaces Figure 3.8 Walking beam furnace at SSAB, Domnarvet. Figure 3.9 Evaporative cooling system on walking-beam furnace at SSAB, Domnarvet.

Figure 3.7 Sketches illustrating operation of a walking-beam furnace Reheating Furnaces Figure 3.7 Sketches illustrating operation of a walking-beam furnace

Slab Reheating Figure 3.5 Heating time as a function of slab thickness Figure 3.6 Furnace heating capacity as a function of slab thickness

Table 3.3 Basic Data For 68-Inch Hot Strip Mill Hot Mill Layout Table 3.3 Basic Data For 68-Inch Hot Strip Mill Stand or Unit Stand Type Roll Sizes (in.) Speed (fpm) Drive Power (hp) Remarks Vertical edger First rougher 2-hi 46 48 x 68 250 220 1500 ac 4500 ac Back-passing provision hydraulic roll changing Second rougher with 33 inch vertical edger Space available for future back passing Third rougher with 33 inch vertical edger 4-hi 42 & 56 x 68 330 8000 ac Gear drive and pinion stand. Gear type spindles and hydraulic roll changer Fourth rougher dc drive for speed Foundations only for future installation Fifth rougher Crop shear Scale breaker 658 250/500 Six finishing stands (F1-F6) 28 & 56 x 68 3240 out of F6 7000 (each) Rapid work-roll changing electric loopers, AGC Seventh stand 3740 out of F7 Future installation Two X-ray gages Width gage Runout table Two coilers 500 each About 500 ft long 3-blocker roll type

Roll Stack Bending system Four-high mill

4 high mill system in Mae West design Mill Stand 4 high mill system in Mae West design

Mill Housing

Figure No. 3 Mill Stand Elevation

Strip Edge Drop Edge drop compensation Elastic deformation of roll assembly under rolling condition

Strip Shape Shape Calculation

Continuously Variable Crown (CVC) CVC Crown Control Continuously Variable Crown (CVC)

Figure 7.1 Construction of PC mill (Tsukamoto and Matsumoto) Pair Cross Mill Figure 7.1 Construction of PC mill (Tsukamoto and Matsumoto)

Physical Forces within the Roll Bite Roll Bite Forces Physical Forces within the Roll Bite

Sims Diagram

Typical layout and material flow of a cold rolling mill Cold Mill Layout Typical layout and material flow of a cold rolling mill

Table 6.3 Design Characteristics of a Modern Pickling Line DIMENSIONS LINE SPEEDS Strip thickness: 1 to 6 mm Strip width 1000 to 1850 mm Coil OD maximum: 2200 mm Coil ID entry: 620 to 850 mm Coil ID exit: 600 mm Coil weight: 39 tons Entry speed: 600 m/min Speed in pickling: 220 m/min Exit speed: 350 m/min Acceleration time: 10 Seconds Emergency stop: 5 seconds Line length: 200 meters

4-high reversing cold rolling and temper mill Cold Rolling Mill 4-high reversing cold rolling and temper mill

Main equipment of tandem cold mill

Thickness control for tandem cold rolling mill Gauge Control Thickness control for tandem cold rolling mill

Cleaning Line Figure 23.1 Schematic arrangement of a typical electrolytic cleaning line

Figure 23.12 Time-temperature cycles Batch Annealing Figure 23.29 Single-stack coil-annealing furnace with base, fan, inner cover and fan coils with convectors (Rao et al.). Figure 23.12 Time-temperature cycles

AlN Precipitation During Coiling Role of AlN precipitation during subsequent annealing: Batch annealing: AlN precipitation during annealing preferred Continuous annealing: AlN precipitation during coiling preferred

Continuous Annealing

Continuous Annealing Table 23.19 Fukuyama Works No. 1 Continuous Annealing Line* Material Thickness Width Entry and delivery coils ID and OD Weight Line speed (cold rolled strip) Entry section Furnace section Delivery section Line speed (black plate for tinning) Capacity Cold rolled strip Black plate for tinning Cold rolled mild steel strip 0.15 to 0.8 mm 457 to 1067 mm 508 x 2440 mm 32,000 kg max 188 m/min 150 m/min 572 m/min 457 m/min 24 tonnes/hr (0.6 mm x 800 mm) 44 tonnes/hr (0.254 mm x 813mm) Table 23.20 Mechanical Properties, 0.8 mm Strip Continuous annealing Batch annealing Yield stress (kg/mm2) Tensile strength (kg/mm2) Elongation (%) Erichscn value (mm) r-value CCV, mm 22.0 32.9 45.0 10.1 1.51 37.8 22.2 32.0 46.5 10.4 1.26 37.9 Table 23.21 Properties of soft tinplate, 0.32 mm thick Continuous annealing Batch annealing Yield stress (kg/mm2) Yield point elongation (%) Tensile strength (kg/mm2) Elongation (%) Erichscn value (mm) Hardness (hr 30T) ATC (µA/cm2) IYV (µg/3 in2) PLT (s) 28.1 2.1 34.3 36.6 8.9 54.8 0.02 3.5 3 33.0 5.4 36.4 37.0 9.3 55.0 0.07 7.7 5 *Note: Capacity for cold sheet can be increased through additional heat input of the accelerated over-aging zone.

Microstructure Evolution During Cold Rolling Deformation Work hardening Ferrite (a) / Pearlite

Microstructure Evolution During Annealing Preheat Soaking Cooling Over-aging Final Cooling Recovery Recrystallization Grain growth

Figure 24.3 Yield strength variation with elongation Temper Rolling Figure 24.3 Yield strength variation with elongation Figure 24.2 Stress-strain curves: (a) box-annealed rimmed deep-drawing steel; (b) diagram illustrating offset method for determining yield strength

Temper Mill Figure 24.10 Layout of temper and processing line (TPL) facility (Fujiwara et al.).

Fig. 18 - Layout of an electrolytic tinning line

Hot Dip Galvanizing General characteristics Material: cold rolled mild steel strip Entry YS 800 MPa maxi-200 MPa mini Exit YS 140 MPa mini Strip width: Mini 750 mm Maxi 1850 mm Strip thickness: Mini 0.30 mm Maxi 1.6 mm (2 mm with allowance) Coil dimension Entry Exit Line speed Engagement 0 to 60 m/mm Entry 20 to 200 m/mm (240) Treatment 40 to 150 m/mm (180) Exit 20 to 200 m/mm (240) Commissioned in 1991 Outside diameter mini 1200 mm mini 1200 mm maxi 2100 mm maxi 2100 mm Inside diameter 610 mm 506-610 mm Weight 31000 kg 31000 kg Fig. 4 - Schematic layout of a hot dip galvanizing line