Agenda Quiz PowerPoint Notes Slideshow Background to Schindler’s list Movie clips 8:00 min.-continue to 21 min. in film (13) Perhaps 44:00 min-1:15 (31) 1:30-1:38 (8) 1:56-1:58 (2) 2:04-2:10 (6) Side 2: 1st 4 min; 16-25 min (4 + 9 = 13)

Hitler’s “Final Solution” The Holocaust Hitler’s “Final Solution”

History of Pogroms Ukraine/Poland Pogroms (1881-1884) Russian Civil War Pogroms (1917-1921) Germany in the 1930s Aryan Race: “Master Race” Hitler’s Terms: Blond haired, blue eyed Caucasian; German Speaker; Not Jewish Racial Purity

Beer Hall Putsch 1923—Beer Hall Putsch Hitler tries to seize control of Germany through a coup by rousing the people in the Beer Halls in Munich Hitler claims that he alone was responsible, imprisoned (5 yr. sentence; serves 6 months) While in prison writes Mein Kampf (“My Struggle” Dictates thoughts about social and political order

Mein Kampf "Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.“ “The result of all racial crossing is therefore in brief always the following: (a) Lowering of the level of the higher race; (b) Physical and intellectual regression and hence the beginning of a slowly but surely progressing sickness. (c) To bring about such a development is, then, nothing else but to sin against the will of the eternal creator. And as a sin this act is rewarded.”

Mein Kampf “the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew” “With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her people”

Discovery of Concentration camps, band of brothers

Holocaust Facts Began with Hitler’s ascension to power In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, the disabled, Poles, Russians, Communists Anyone who resisted the Nazis was sent to forced labor or murdered The Nazis used the term "the Final Solution" to refer to their ultimate plan to murder the Jewish people

Holocaust Facts It is estimated that 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. Six million of these were Jews. The Nazis killed approximately two-thirds of all Jews living in Europe. An estimated 1.1 million children were murdered in the Holocaust

Nuremberg Laws The Nuremberg Laws, issued on September 15, 1935, began to exclude Jews from public life. Stripped German Jews of their citizenship Prohibited marriages and extramarital sex between Jews and Germans. Set the legal precedent for further anti-Jewish legislation

“Kristallnacht” November 9-10, 1938, Nazis incited a pogrom against Jews in Austria and Germany Termed, "Kristallnacht" ("Night of Broken Glass"). Pillaging and burning of synagogues, breaking the windows of Jewish-owned businesses, the looting of these stores, and many Jews were physically attacked. Approximately 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. After World War II started in 1939, the Nazis began ordering Jews to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothing so that Jews could be easily recognized and targeted.

S. S. St. Louis (June 1939) 937 Jewish refugees denied entrance into Cuba, U.S., and Canada. Forced back to Europe…estimated ¼ killed in concentration camps

Ghettos WW II, Nazis began ordering all Jews to live within specific, areas of big cities, called ghettos. Forced out of their homes and moved into smaller apartments, shared with other families. Ghettos became "closed," which meant that Jews were trapped within the confines of the ghetto and not allowed to leave

Ghettos In most ghettos, Nazis ordered the Jews to establish a Judenrat (a Jewish council) to both administer Nazi demands and to regulate the internal life of the ghetto. Nazis would then order deportations from the ghettos. In some of the large ghettos, 1,000 people per day were loaded up in trains and sent to either a concentration camp or a death camp. To get them to cooperate, the Nazis told the Jews they were being transported to another place for labor

Ghettos When the Nazis decided to kill the remaining Jews in a ghetto, they would "liquidate" a ghetto by boarding the last Jews in the ghetto on trains. When the Nazis attempted to liquidate the Warsaw Ghetto on April 13, 1943, the remaining Jews fought back in what has become known as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The Jewish resistance fighters held out against the entire Nazi regime for 28 days -- longer than many European countries had been able to withstand Nazi conquest

Concentration Camps Concentration camps, Extermination camps, Labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps One of the first concentration camps was Dachau, which opened on March 20, 1933 (Pol. Prisoners) After Kristallnacht in 1938, the persecution of Jews became more organized. This led to the exponential increase in the number of Jews sent to concentration camps.

Life in Concentration Camps Forced hard physical labor; tiny rations; slept three or more people per wooden bunks; torture was common Nazi doctors conducted medical experiments on prisoners Concentration camps: work and starve prisoners to death Extermination camps: built for the sole purpose of killing large groups of people quickly and efficiently. Six extermination camps: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz and Majdanek. Auschwitz and Majdanek were both concentration and extermination camps

Concentration Camps Prisoners herded into gas chambers and killed. (At Chelmno, the prisoners were herded into gas vans instead of gas chambers.) Auschwitz was the largest concentration and extermination camp built. It is estimated that 1.1 million people were killed at Auschwitz

Nazi Officials Adolf Eichmann: Architect of the Final Solution he accused many of Germany's ethnic and national minorities (such as the Poles, the Jews, the French) of trying to destroy Germany, claiming that Germany's belligerent actions were taken in self-defence.

Nazi Officials Joseph Goebbels: Minister of Progaganda Prepared German population for aggressive war and annihilation of race. He accused many of Germany's ethnic and national minorities (such as the Poles, the Jews, the French) of trying to destroy Germany, claiming that Germany's belligerent actions were taken in self-defense.

Nazi Officials Hermann Göring: Leading Member of Nazi Party Commander of Luftwaffe; Senior Commander

Nazi Officials Heinrich Himmler: SS Commander Leading Member of Nazi Party; Minister of Interior Oversaw secret police/Gestapo Overseer of concentration camps, extermination camps, and killing squads

Nazi Officials Amon Goeth: “Hitler’s Nazi Butcher” SS Captain; Head of Camp at Plaszow

Nazi Officials Dr. Klaus Karl Schilling Headed Medical Experiments on Prisoners at Dachau

Ghettos Checking ids Registration

Ghettos Closing off the ghettos

Life in the Ghettos

Deportation from ghettos

Liquidation of ghetto

Liquidating the Ghettos Mother with her two children, assembled for mass execution by the Germans. (October 16, 1941) Men forced to dig own graves

Auschwitz-- August, 1944

Main Entrance to Auschwitz

Sign Inside Entrance to Auschwitz: Work Makes You Free

Washing and shaving newly arrived prisoners in the Registration Washing and shaving newly arrived prisoners in the Buchenwald concentration camp. (1940)

Barracks

Barracks at Buchenwald Slave Labor at Buchenwald

Extermination Camps Execution Wall Gas Chamber Door

Gas Chamber

Gas Chamber

Row of Ovens

A crematoria oven where the corpses of prisoners were burned in Crematorium A crematoria oven where the corpses of prisoners were burned in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. (April 28, 1945)

US/Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River (April 25, 1945) Horrors of the Holocaust not revealed until 1945, as US & Russian forces converged on camp sites in Poland and Germany

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Nuremberg Trials Series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice Defendants included Nazi Party officials, high-ranking military officers, along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors They were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Significance: Led to permanent establishment of international court Established that leaders would be held accountable for their wartime actions…