LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES PART 6: TSUNAMIS lecture by Walter Hays Uploading date: August 03, 2014 More lectures at Disasters Supercourse - http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/collections/collection52.htm PPT original - http://www.pitt.edu/~super7/52011-53001/52291.ppt Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

TSUNAMIS OCCUR MOST OFTEN AS CIRCUM-PACIFIC EVENTS CIRCUM-PACIFIC NATIONS ARE PRONE TO SUBDUCTION-ZONE EARTH-QUAKES AND TSUNAMIS

TSUNAMIS ALSO OCCUR IN THE INDIAN OCEAN (e.g., Dec. 26, 2004)

TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES CAUSES OF DAMAGE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP TSUNAMIS INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING “DISASTER LABORATORIES” INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE: KNOWLEDGE FROM TSUNAMI DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR IN ASSOCIATION WITH GREAT SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES IN THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS, IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES TO FACILITATE DISASTER RESILIENCE

FACT: TSUNAMIS ARE NOT ANNUAL EVENTS; THEY ARE ALSO COMPLEX, SO MOST NATIONS, WHETHER IMPACTED OR NOT, USUALLY ARE SLOW TO ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES DESIGNED TO MOVE THEM TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

EXAMPLES OF PAST TSUNAMI DISASTER LABORATORIES

GREAT SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE-INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI DISASTER DECEMBER 26, 2004

230,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI INDONESIA (Dec. 26, 2004): M9.3 earthquake followed by tsunami waves.

LOCATION

BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER SOURCE OF IMAGES: SPACE IMAGING/CRISP-SINGAPORE NOTE: A TSUNAMI CAN TRAVEL AT SPEEDS OF 800 KM/HR IN THE DEEP OCEAN

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER TRIGGERED BY A SHALLOW, M 9.3 EARTHQUAKE LOCATED 260 KM (155 MI) FROM BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA TSUNAMI WAVES WITH WAVE HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON COASTS OF 12 NATIONS NO WARNING SYSTEM

DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER THERE WAS AN IMMEDIATE NEED FOR FOOD, WATER, AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO PREVENT “A HEALTH-CARE DISASTER” AFTER THE TSUNAMI DISASTER.

EXAMPLE: 30,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI JAPAN (March 2011):

RADIATION RELEASE FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT JAPAN (March 2011): The unthinkable happened after the earth-quake/tsunami.

THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER HAS A VITAL ROLE IN ISSUING TSUNAMI WARNINGS

TSUNAMI WAVES:NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE

TSUNAMI WAVES: COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN

OARAI INUNDATED BY TSUNAMI

TSUNAMI WAVES: SENDAI AIRPORT

SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI

SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS

TSUNAMI DAMAGE

FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR FACILITY HAD 3 FAILURES

EVACUATION OF CHILDREN

SEARCH AND RESCUE

THE TSUNAMI TRAVELED ACROSS THE PACIFIC

TSUNAMI WAVE PATH

EXAMPLE: SURPRISE! DEBRIS FROM JAPAN’S TSUNAMI NOW IN USA RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS A YEAR AFTER THE MARCH 2011 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

EXAMPLE: MASS CARE OF SUR- VIVORS AFTER QUAKE AND TSUNAMI CHILE EARTHQUAKE: “The race against time” to save lives and protect property starts immediately.

LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., strong ground motion, soil effects, tsunami wave run up, ground failure), 2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive.

LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with strong ground shaking, tsunami wave run up, and ground failure will survive.

SCHEMATIC OF TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES The “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations that are limited to “the golden 48 hours.”

LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival.

LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from an earthquake’s strong ground shaking and ground failure that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants and users from death and injury.

LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience.

YOUR COMMUNITY MONITORING ACCEPTABLE RISK SCENARIO MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION YOUR COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION /EARLY WARNING EM RESPONSE RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS 48

PILLARS OF TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE Anticipatory Preparedness Adoption and Implementation of a Modern Earthquake Engineering Building Code Realistic Tsunami Disaster Scenarios Timely Emergency Response (including Emergency Medical Services) Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

THE CHALLENGE: POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL STRATEGY To Create Turning Points for Tsunami Disaster Resilience USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY To Achieve Tsunami Disaster Resilience INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY WARNING, DISASTER SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY

EXAMPLE: 2014 TSUNAMI SCENARIO FOR ALASKA (USGS)