1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES PART 8: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
lecture by Walter Hays Uploading date: August 07, 2014
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Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

3. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of mantle hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland) or explosive eruptions in subduction zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim).

4. ACTIVE VOLCANOES

5. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
VERTICAL PLUME
TEPHRA AND ASH
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

6. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS (aka volcanic landslides)
EARTHQUAKES (related to the internal movement of lava)
“VOLCANIC WINTER”

7. VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
HAZARD MAPS
INVENTORY
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENT
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
COMMUNITY
PREPAREDNESS
PROTECTION
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

8. DISASTER LABORATORIES
CAUSES OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES

9. WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE: KNOWLEDGE FROM DISASTERS RELATED TO EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION WITH PEOPLE AND ASSETS AT RISK ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT

10. FACT: IT USUALLY TAKES MULTIPLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS BEFORE A STRICKEN NATION WILL ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT MOVE IT TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

11. FACT (continued)
BUT, THE INTERVAL OF TIME BETWEEN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS CAN BE AS LONG AS 500 OR MORE YEARS.

12. FACT: MOST UNAFFECTED NATIONS DON’T EVEN TRY TO LEARN ANYTHING NEW FROM ANOTHER NATION’S VOLCANIC DISASTERS AND DON’T CONSIDER THEM TO BE A BASIS FOR CHANGING EXISTING POLICIES

13. ELEVEN OF THE WORLD’S NOST DANGEROUS VOLCANOES
THE NEXT ERUPTION OF THESE 11 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IS LIKELY TO BE DEVASTATING LOCALLY, REGIONALLY, AND GLOBALLY

14. WHAT MAKES THESE 11 VOLCANOES DANGEROUS
Eyjafjallajökull and Katla (ICELAND)
Chaiten
Krakatau
Merapi
Vesuvius
Pinatubo
Mount Rainier
Nevada del Ruiz
Popocatepl
Nyirangongo (CONGO)

15. THEIR LOCATION NEAR CITIES AND INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE ROUTES
An eruption of any one of these eleven volcanoes is certain to be devastating to people, their property, their health, the economy, and, sometimes, the regional air space.

16. Eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in Southern Iceland A Threat to North American- European Air Traffic
MARCH 20, 2010

17. The Eyjafjallajökull and Katla Volcanoes: Southern Iceland

18. The Eyjafjallajökull (AYA-feeyapla-yurkul) volcano in Southern Iceland, part of the volcanic process that originally formed Iceland, erupted a few minutes before midnight on Saturday, March 20th

19. EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC DISRUPTED: APRIL 15, 2010

20. An eruption of the Katla volcano, located under the massive Myrdalsjokull icecap, could cause disastrous local flooding, explosive blasts, and eruption clouds that would disrupt air traffic between Europe and the USA.

21. VOLCANO CHAITEN ERUPTS: CHILE: MAY 3, 2008

22. CHAITEN ERUPTED AFTER 8,000-10,000 YEAR DORMANCY
THE 1,200 M (3,550 FT) VOLCANO SENT ASH HIGH INTO THE SKY.
“VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES WERE TRIGGERED IN THE AREA.
1,500 RESIDENTS EVACUATED, MOSTLY BY BOAT

23. The Historic 1883 Krakatoa Eruption!
Anak Krakatoa—Son of Krakatoa

24. KRAKATAU 26-27 August, 1883; The big one!

25. MOUNT MERAPI: INDONESIA

26. INDONESIA’S MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED ON MAY & JUNE, 2006
Mount Merapi emitted lava, debris, and a pyroclastic flow on May 15, but this one was not devastating.

27. EXPLOSIVENESS OF JUNE 8 ERUPTION SENT 15,000 FLEEING

28. MOUNT VESUVIUS: ITALY; a threat to naples

29. MOUNT FUJI: JAPAN; a threat to tokyo

30. Mt. PiNATUBO: THE PHILIPPINES; JUNE 15, 1991

31. Pinatubo was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century and the largest to impact a densely populated area.

32. MOUNT RAINIER: threat to SEATTLE, WASHINGTON (USA)

33. MOUNT RAINIER: LAHAR SIMULATION

34. MOUNT RAINIER: LAHAR SIMULATION

35. MOUNT RAINIER: LAHAR SIMULATION

36. NEVADA DEL RUIZ: COLOMBIA; a 1988 disaster

37. The lahar generated by the eruption of Nevada del Ruiz buried 25,000 people in the city of Armero as they slept.

38. POPOCATEPL: MEXICO; a threat to mexico city

39. “POPO” AND MEXICO CITY

40. RUMBLINGS OF ERUPTION OF “POPO” ON JULY 4, 2013

41. Africa's most active volcano.

42. NYIRANGONGO: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO; A THREAT TO GOMA

43. ERUPTION OF NYIRANGONGO: JANUARY 2, 2010

44. WARNING: The other 1,489 active volcanoes can also have dangerous eruptions anytime.

45. ERUPTION OF PUYEHUE IN CHILE: FEB, 2012

46. ERUPTION OF CHAPARRASTIQUE IN EL SALVADOR: DEC., 2013

47. RUSSIA’S VOLCANO PLOSKY TOLBACHIK

48. PLOSKY TOLBACHIK SPEWS ASH: JAN. 6, 2013

49. LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL
The people who know: 1) what hazards to expect (e.g., vertical ash plume, lateral blast, lava flow, lahar), 2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive.

50. LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES
The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with the vertical ash plume, pyroclastic flows, tephra, lava flows, and lahars will survive.

51. LESSON: TIMELY EARLY WARNING SAVES LIVES
The people who have timely, accurate, advance information that facilitates evacuation to get our of harm’s way of pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and lahars will survive.

52. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES
The timing of emergency response operations, especially the evacuations and the search and rescue operations (limited to “the golden 48 hours)” will save lives

53. LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES
The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival.

54. LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES
Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from a vertical plume, ash, pyroclastic flows, and tephra that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants from death and injury.

55. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID
The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience.

56. YOUR COMMUNITY MONITORING ACCEPTABLE RISK HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
YOUR
COMMUNITY
PREPAREDNESS
PROTECTION
EM RESPONSE
RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY
VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS 56

57. PILLARS OF VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
Preparedness
Adoption and Implementation of a Realistic Building Code
Realistic Volcanic Eruption Disaster Scenarios
Timely Emergency Response (including Evacuations, S and R, and Medical Services)
Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

58. THE CHALLENGE:
POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

59. AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL STRATEGY To Create Turning Points for Volcano Disaster Resilience
USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

60. MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY To Achieve Volcano Disaster Resilience
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, DISASTER SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY