12.1 – 12. 2 DNA Structure and Replication pgs. 326 - 332 Mrs. Einstein

Do Now True or False? Correct the false statements. The first cloned animal was a tadpole. You inherit more from your father if you are a boy. Identical twins do NOT have the same DNA. All humans share 75% of their DNA.

Objectives SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide SWBAT label the different parts of a DNA molecule. SWBAT create their own DNA molecule.

12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material pgs. 326 - 332 I. Discovery of the Genetic Material

When was DNA discovered? We are going to study the scientists who helped to discover DNA. We are going to read and become an expert on each scientist and then teach another group!

Do Now: DNA stands for: DNA is located: The function of DNA is to: **** Take out your jigsaw activity****

DNA DNA stands for: DNA is located: The function of DNA is to: Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is located: In the nucleus of cells The function of DNA is to: Tells the cells how to produce proteins that make you up (Blueprint)

Why do we care about bacterial transformation? Genetic Research Antibiotic Resistance

1928 Fred Griffith - Studied two strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae Worked with two strains of bacteria: Rough Strain and Smooth Strain S strain causes pneumonia and the R strain does not https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LU71ubTCZA

Griffith Cont. S strain: Heat killed S strain: R Strain:

1928 Fred Griffith - Discovered that something from the heat killed wild type (smooth) bacteria was turning the mutant (rough) type bacteria into smooth. Called it the transforming factor Didn’t really know what it was

Avery Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells. Many people did not believe that it was DNA, not protein that transformed genes

Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses 1. Have their own genome (genetic make up) made of either DNA or RNA 2. Does not have enzymes, ribosomes, or ATP 3. Have external protein shells (capsids)

Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses 4. Infect only specific cells 5. 2 life cycles (lytic and lysogenic) Lytic – breaks out and spreads Lysogenic- hangs around 6. Smaller than bacteria

When a virus attacks a cell… Let’s try to put these in order….

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

Hershey and Chase Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses

Hershey and Chase Radioactive Labeling: Used radioactive phosphorus (32P) to identify DNA in the bacteriophages Used radioactive sulfer (35S) to identify proteins in the bacteriophages

Hershey and Chase Tracking DNA Radioactive bacteriophages infected bacteria cells After review results found radioactive sulfur outside of bacteria cells and radioactive phosphorus inside bacteria cells

Hershey and Chase

Do Now 1. Briefly describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment. What did they conclude?

DNA Structure Levene discovered that DNA is made of nucleotides

Erwin Chargaff Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A

Rosalind Franklin X-ray Diffraction use of photo 51 X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA Indicated that DNA was a double helix

X-Ray Crystallography

Watson and Crick Built a model of the double helix that conformed to the others’ research two outside strands consist of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other by three hydrogen bonds thymine and adenine bases pair to each other by two hydrogen bonds

Do Now 1. What is a virus? 2. Why is a virus NOT considered a living thing? 3. What are the two types of life cycles of viruses? Briefly describe each.

Do Now 1. Briefly describe Griffith’s experiment 2. What did he conclude?

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics

Do Now – Hershey and Chase Experiment What did radioactive phosphorous indicate? What did radioactive sulfur indicate? What was the conclusion of this experiment?

Objectives SWBAT explain what Chargaff, Franklin, and Watson/Crick discovered. SWBAT create a timeline of the scientists that discovered DNA. SWBAT label parts of the DNA molecule SWBAT describe how a chromosome coils.

THINK-PAIR-SHARE Create a timeline of all the scientists and what they discovered.

12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material pgs. 326 - 332 II. DNA Structure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1CRrtkWwu0

DNA Structure Nucleotide is made of: 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

Nitrogen Bases

DNA Structure

DNA Structure DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder. Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine with 3 h bonds or thymine–adenine with 2 h bonds) form the steps.

-2 Strands of DNA form a helix Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder -2 Strands of DNA form a helix

Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′. The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

Label the parts of the DNA molecule https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_-6JXLYS-k Label the parts of the DNA molecule

Do Now – label A, T, C, G

Do Now (Use the picture to answer the questions) 1. How many nucleotides are pictures? 2. How many… A. sugars? B. phosphate? C. Total bases? D. adenines?

Objectives 1. SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide 2. SWBAT create their own strand of DNA using template sugar, phosphate, and bases.

Lab PICK UP: HANDING IN: One sequence per group One packet per group 2 question worksheets HANDING IN: 1 DNA diagram 2 Sets of questions.

A good way to study http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html

DO NOW: What is DNA? Where is DNA found? What do scientists know about our DNA? How do we apply this DNA technology?

Objectives SWBAT list and identity the characteristics of viruses SWBAT label a diagram of the life cycle of a virus SWBAT explain Hershey and Chases experiment and it’s importance to the discovery of DNA

12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material pgs. 326 - 332 III. Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure DNA coils around histones (proteins) to form nucleosomes, This coils to form chromatin fibers. The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.

Do Now How do you think your DNA gets in every cell of your body? Explain.

Objectives SWBAT define semiconservative replication, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase, and replication. SWBAT explain how DNA Replicates SWBAT extract DNA out of a strawberry.

Do Now 1. Find the complementary sequence of DNA: ATCGGATATAGC 2. What bonds form between the sides of DNA? 3. What type of sugar is in DNA? 4. What does 3’ mean?

Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

12.2 Replication of DNA pgs. 333 - 335 I. Semiconservative Replication

Semiconservative Replication Parental strands of DNA separate Each strand serve as template DNA molecules produced have one strand of parental DNA and one daughter strand

Steps to DNA Replication 1. Unwinding DNA helicase (enzyme) unwinds and unzips the DNA – breaking the hydrogen bonds between the strands RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.

Steps to DNA Replication 2. Base Pairing DNA polymerase (enzyme) adds complementary nucleotides to parent DNA strand Only adds to 3’ end of new DNA strand

2. Base Pairing (cont.) Two daughter strands of DNA are made differently Leading Strand- Built continuously with out breaks Lagging Strand- makes several small fragments of DNA Built discontinuously Pieces are called Okazaki Fragments Fragments are connected by DNA Ligase

DNA Replication

Steps to DNA Replication 3. Joining DNA Polymerase removes RNA Primer and fills it in place with DNA nucleotides DNA ligase links two sections

Animations of DNA Replication http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teaching/genetics/animations/dna_replication.htm

Do Now What is DNA replication? Why is it called semiconservative? Where does DNA replication take place? https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=amoeba+sisters+dna+replication&*

Do Now Label the DNA Replication Diagram

Do Now Label the DNA strands.

12.2 Replication of DNA pgs. 333 - 335 II. Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated. In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication.