2. Chapter 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material

3. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Fredrick Griffith  Performed the first major experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material  Transformation of live R into live S

4. Molecular Genetics Oswald Avery  Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain  Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released  R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

5. Molecular Genetics Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase  Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein  Concluded - viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

6. Molecular Genetics  Nucleotides  Consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

7. Molecular Genetics Chargaff  Analyzed the amount of each base in DNA  Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

8. Molecular Genetics Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins  X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA  Suggested that DNA was a shaped like a twisted ladder called a double helix 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

9. Molecular Genetics James Watson and Francis Crick  Built a model of the double helix 1. 2 outside strands consist of alternating deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate 2. cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other (3 hydrogen bonds) 3. thymine and adenine bases pair to each other (2 hydrogen bonds) 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

10. Molecular Genetics DNA Structure  DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder.  Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate.  The pairs of bases (cytosine– guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

11. Molecular Genetics Orientation  On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.  The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 12

12. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Molecular Genetics Chromosome Structure  Nucleosome - DNA coiled around histones, which coil to form chromatin fibers.  The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis. Chapter 12