American History: Chapter 1 Review The Collision of Cultures

American Before Columbus

Pre-Columbian time period. First Americans came from Asia Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age Following a food source Gradual migration Came in 3 waves

Early Human Migrations 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE (amerind) 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE (na-dene) 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE (Inuit)

America Before Columbus Civilizations in Central/South America: Incas – located in Peru; largest empire in the Americas Mayans – located in Central America; developed a written system, calendar, and agricultural advancements Aztecs – also located in Central Am.; Tenochtitlan – largest city ever to that point

America Before Columbus Civilizations in North America: Great Plains and Great Basin – hunted Buffalo; many were nomadic Northeastern (Iroquois) – developed permanent villages; hunted, gathered, and agriculture dominated society Southwestern US – based on agriculture (maize) and built elaborate irrigation systems

America Before Columbus Many natives were religious – associated with nature Tribal social roles: Women raised children, prepared meals, and gathered food Men hunted In some societies (Iroquois) women helped make tribal decisions via counsels

Europe Looks Westward

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Indirect Causes for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

The 3 motives reinforce each other Direct Causes = 3 G’s Religious: spread Christianity (Reformation). (GOD) Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) The 3 motives reinforce each other

European trade routes

Enter the Spanish: Christofo Colon (1451-1505 One of the great mystery men in history

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Europe Looks Westward SPAIN Conquistadores As a result of Columbus’s explorations, Spain increased interest in exploration, surpassing Portugal Spain claimed most of the New World (except for Brazil) Conquistadores Cortes (1518) devastated natives (especially via smallpox) Many Conquistadores saw this as God’s work Spanish sought gold and silver in the new world Spain required Catholicism be the only religion in their new territories Set up missions – convert natives to Christianity Many post-Conquistador Spanish immigrants came to spread religion

Europe Looks Westward cont… By end of 1500s, the Spanish monarchy controlled virtually all of Central/South America Also controlled local “government” in its new world colonies WHEREAS…. France, the Dutch, and the British focused more on population growth and establishing permanent settlements Spain did not send large number of immigrants

(Sigh) more notes…..

The French The French explored into the North American Continent and developed close ties with natives Coureurs de bois – French fur traders developed an alliance with the Algonquians Settled Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada Also controlled the St. Lawrence River & access to the interior of North America

European Colonization The Dutch European Colonization Like the French, the Dutch focused on fur trade & sent only a few men to settlements Founded Albany (1614) on Hudson River becomes New York; is an extension of the Dutch global trade system Had a smaller population, but were VERY friendly with the Natives

The Arrival of the English The British BRITAIN Spanish Armada: (key turning point in European history) Large Spanish fleet was defeated by the English in 1588 England emerged as a naval power English Settlements: Roanoke – early English settlement (1585) known as the “lost colony” In 1590, the colony was found deserted with “Croatoan” carved on a post Jamestown – established in 1607 as a charter by King James I Would become the 1st permanent English colony

The Arrival of the English Reasons for English exploration: Rising population, lack of land Joint-stock companies – investors would pool $ together and share in profits and losses Mercantilism: Goal was to benefit the mother country (England) Increased desire for colonies to gain wealth Religion: Puritans (those that wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic rituals) sought refuge in the Americas Separatists – wanted to break away from the Anglican Church (Pilgrims)

Other Terms to Know: Columbian Exchange: Examples of goods: Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, maize (corn), tomatoes Europe to the Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen Impact of exchange? In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food In Africa: Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to be used as slaves in the Americas In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox), social classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made hunting easier), Encomienda system