The stakes of Development: from development to sustainable development

Introduction The world population today totals 7 Billion inhabitants, twice as many as in 1960 There have never been as many wealthy, healthy, educated people but there has also never been as much poverty, disease and hunger This can be explained by gaps between levels of development Inequalities define the world in which we live

Basic Facts about World Population I. The global distribution of population: a spatial term which describes the arrangement or spread of the population over an area. A. World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. tend to be difficult places to live, usually hostile environments (e.g. Antarctica.) Places which are densely populated contain many people. habitable environments (e.g. Europe.)

B. Population Density a value which indicates the number of people living in a given area of land. It is an average number. calculated by dividing the number of people by area. usually shown as the number of people per square kilometer.

Document 1 : Estimated 2015 World Population Density

C. Factors influencing global population distribution: Physical: climate, relief, soil, vegetation Human: economic activities, human resources, natural resources, historical factors

Key Unit Questions: What inequalities characterize the modern world? What will be the needs of the 9 billion inhabitants in 2050? Is sustainable development possible?

II. Inequalities in wealth and development on every scale A. How can we measure wealth and development? 1. Wealth GNP Gross National Product: the total value of goods and services produced within a country

per capita: divides the total GNP or GDP per year by the number of inhabitants even if wealth is not spread equally in a country PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) is an indicator of the standard of living (takes into account inflation, local cost of living)

Map 1 Wealth and Poverty World map for the year 2007, shaded by gross national income PPP per capita. Source: World Bank Which countries are the wealthiest? The poorest?

Map 1: Wealth and Poverty Developed countries in the north have a high GNP/GDP $8,600 - $30,000 per capita Poor countries in the south have a low GNP/GDP less than $1,000 to $8,600 per capita. In subsaharan Africa and southeast and central Asia, 70 -74% of the population lives with less than $2/day

Income cartograph animation This handy animation rescales the size of each country to depict the number of people living there at any given income level. Then it runs up the income chain, from the poorest of the poor to the affluent. It highlights that even though many more people live in India than live in Germany or France or Japan, India contains many fewer affluent people than those countries. These kind of considerations are crucial to major global firms trying to understand where their biggest market opportunities are. Some goods can expect stellar sales in China, while others are still too pricey for the mass market there. The United States' combination of scale and affluence makes it far and away the best single country for products targeting relatively high-end consumers. animated map of daily income around the world

2. Limits of wealth measurements to assess development GDP and GNP are criticized as indicators of development because they do not take into account social factors In 1990, the UN implemented another indicator in order to measure development levels

UN Development Indicator: HDI (Human Development Indicator) is calculated by: the per capita revenue ($/year), life expectancy per capita, literacy rates of adults and educational rates of children under 15 The value is expressed from 0 to 1

Map 2: Human Development Index Map 2: HDI What do you notice about the European, Asian and African continents when comparing maps 1 & 2?

Map 3. The North South Divide Gap between North and South HDI ≥0.9 located in the north HDI ≤ 0.5 in the south Considered an outdated model Map 3. The North South Divide

B. To what extent is development unequal? 1. On a world scale: Long-standing development in the North, more recent in the south Even if it contains exceptions, a line can be considered to separate the North from the South (Map 3)

The North In the North, development dates back to the 18th century (demographic growth, industrialization and urbanization in Europe, North America and Japan – The Triad) The Triad dominates more than 70% of the planetary production of wealth, 80% of trade and new scientific discoveries

The South ≥ 80% of the world’s inhabitants, produces ≤30% of its wealth. localized areas of development began in the 30’s, but not generalized until the 60’s. Demographic explosion has slowed down development in the south (population has increased 3.5 times since 1950) Certain emerging countries in the south now compete against the north (BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa etc…)

2. On a Regional Scale: In the North: contrast between Northern and Western Europe vs. Southern and Eastern Europe In the South: even greater contrast between regional areas - Eastern Africa and Central America, poorest areas - Great heterogeneity between emerging powers (BRICS), intermediary developing countries (baby tigers like Indonesia) and LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries)