Clemens Schneider, Wuppertal Institute 29th August 2017 | ESPO conference, Barcelona Decarbonisation of ports and port industry Turning the challenge into an opportunity Clemens Schneider, Wuppertal Institute

Low carbon ports are a major constituent of a low carbon economy. Transport to and from the port is low carbon. The port industry produces and handles products with zero GHG footprint as well as with no GHG emissions after their lifetime. 29.08.2016

(I) Transport to and from as well as within the port is low carbon. Change of infrastructure. methanol liquefid methane modall shift synthetic diesel green warehousing 29.08.2016

(II) The port industry produces and handles products with zero GHG footprint as well as with no GHG emissions after their lifetime. Half of today‘s EU-28 territorial CO2 emissions have previously passed the major EU ports.  Change of business model required. 29.08.2016

Raw materials extraction Manufacturing Relevance of freight transport: Low carbon ports will be a major hub in future closed carbon cycles. Raw materials extraction Manufacturing Product use Recycling Basic materials Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Amount of future flows? Geographical scope? 29.08.2016

Electrification can transform the whole energy system: Example: German energy flow in 2050 with direct electrification and high efficiency strategy (TWh) PE conversion FE use materials synthetic methane production 282 useful energy 362 1 004 electrolysis 639 industry electricity generation synfuel production households 2 016 1 914 379 services 130 ambient heat 149 transport PE losses direct solar 153 72 557 FE losses 395 29 173 30.05.2015

Could be (partially) imported as H2, or syngas or synfuel Electrification can transform the whole energy system: Example: German energy flow scenario in 2050 with indirect electrification and high efficiency strategy (TWh) materials PE conversion FE use industry synthetic methane production 282 useful energy households 755 1 004 services 379 149 153 electricity generation electrolysis 2 946 transport 2 845 2 037 synfuel production ambient heat 624 PE losses direct solar 923 1 259 72 FE losses 29 402 Could be (partially) imported as H2, or syngas or synfuel 30.05.2015

In spite of alternatives (like battery electric cars) import of liquid low carbon fuels could be still of relevance. How can existing infrastructures be transformed? 29.08.2016

CCS may be a niche business for some EU ports with good geographical conditions and existing competitive clusters. 29.08.2016

Ports could be first movers in a Power-to-X economy. 29.08.2016

Rotterdam example: Stepwise approach to consistent scenario definition Global Global GHG mitigation effort level I 4° I 2° I EU EU GHG emission reduction target & policy I BAU I -80% I -90 to -95% I Port economy Economic strategy of the port’s industrial cluster I BAU I Technological Progress I Bio & CCS I Closed Carbon Cycle I Development of scenarios and discussion of scenarios with stakeholders Bio & CCS: CCS for power plants and for ? biomass for power generation as well as for feedstock for refineries and the chemical industry Synthetic fuel generation (Fischer-Tropsch) from bioimass and renewables-based hydrogen Closed Carbon Cycle (CYC): the future EU energy system will be almost completely based on renewable electricity, which will supply heat as well as hydrogen for the synthetic generation of feedstock for the chemical industry as well as the remaining small rest of fuels in the transport sector, with the carbon required for the chemicals stemming from recycled waste. Technologies particularly needed for the port’s industrial cluster in this scenario are water electrolysis and gasification or pyrolysis to capture carbon from waste, as well as technologies for the production of base chemicals from syngas.

Rotterdam example: Investment cycles, future markets and strategic decisions shape the scenarios.

Pathways and opportunities for the Port of Rotterdam industrial cluster

Thank you For your Attention Clemens Schneider| clemens.schneider@wupperinst.org Thank you For your Attention For further information: www.wupperinst.org 10.06.2016

Identified potential for new economic activity at the Port of Rotterdam in a decarbonising world. Bio-based chemistry: Biofuels and specialty chemicals Use of waste: Synthetic gas  feedstock for chemical industry Synthetic fuels: CO2 from biomass or captured CO2, using hydrogen as a feedstock