Volume 35, Issue 6, Pages (June 2015)

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Volume 35, Issue 6, Pages 512-522 (June 2015) Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids revert renal responses induced by a combination of 2 protocols that increase the amounts of advanced glycation end product in rats Adriano M. de Assis, Anderson Rech, Aline Longoni, Maurílio da Silva Morrone, Matheus A. de Bittencourt Pasquali, Marcos L.S. Perry, Diogo O. Souza, José C.F. Moreira Nutrition Research Volume 35, Issue 6, Pages 512-522 (June 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Experimental models. After 8 hours of fasting, rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 30 per group), which received intraperitoneal saline (0.9% NaCl) or alloxan (150 mg/kg) in saline, respectively. After 1 week, the rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 10/group), as follows: nondiabetic rats receiving a control diet (control), a high-fat diet enriched with AGEs (HAGE), and a high-fat diet enriched with AGEs + n-3 (HAGE + n-3), and diabetic rats receiving a control diet (Db), a high-fat diet enriched with AGEs (Db + HAGE), and a high-fat diet enriched with AGEs + n-3 (Db + HAGE + n-3). Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Glycemia 1 week after diabetes induction (A), glycemia (B), and serum creatinine levels of nondiabetic and diabetic rats after 4 weeks of eating different diets: control, HAGE, or HAGE + n-3 diets. All results are expressed in milligrams per deciliter and presented as the means ± SEM (n = 8/group). *P < .05 compared with the control group (A); #P < .05 compared with the nondiabetics groups; *#P < .05 compared with the diabetics groups. Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Renal AGEs metabolism in nondiabetic and diabetic rats after 4 weeks of eating different diets: Control, HAGE, or HAGE + n-3 diets. Glyoxalase I (A) was expressed in units GLO1 per milligram protein, N-(CM)L (B) was expressed as the percentage of the control, and RAGE immunocontent (C) was expressed in arbitrary units. The results are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 8 or n = 3/group). #P < .05 compared with the nondiabetics groups; *P < .05 compared with the nondiabetic control group; *#P < .05 compared with the diabetic control group. Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Renal oxidative stress parameters in nondiabetic and diabetic rats after 4 weeks of eating different diets: control, HAGE, or HAGE + n-3 diets. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (A), DCFH (B), and protein carbonyl contents (C) are expressed in nanomoles per milligram protein. The results are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 8/group). #P < .05 compared with the nondiabetics groups; *#P < .05 compared with the diabetics groups. Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Renal antioxidant ratio enzyme activity (A) and SOD2 immunocontent (B) in nondiabetic and diabetic rats after 4 weeks of eating different diets: control, HAGE, or HAGE + n-3 diets. The SOD/CAT + GSH-Px (A) ratio and SOD2 immunocontent (B) are expressed in arbitrary units. The results are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 8 or n = 3/group). #P < .05 compared with the nondiabetics groups; *#P < .05 compared with the diabetics groups. Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Tumor necrosis factor–α levels in kidneys from nondiabetic and diabetic rats after 4 weeks of eating different diets: control, HAGE, or HAGE + n-3 diets. The TNF-α levels are expressed in picograms per milligram protein. The results are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 6/group). #P < .05 compared with the nondiabetics groups each other; *#P < .05 compared with the diabetics groups. Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Schematic proposal of the renal pathways. The diabetes induction and HAGE fat–containing diet lead to an increase in the AGE contents and promotion of oxidative stress via RAGE activation; n-3 PUFAs act as a putative therapeutic adjuvant. Nutrition Research 2015 35, 512-522DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions