The cell process that produces sugar(carbohydrate) PHOTOSYNTHESIS The cell process that produces sugar(carbohydrate) from solar energy. Type notes here

Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction autotrophs use to capture sunlight energy and transfer this energy to food molecules like glucose. Autotrophs or producers make their own food. Heterotrophs or consumer have to eat other things in order to get the energy they need to survive. Type notes here

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 The reactants needed are water and carbon dioxide. The equation needs six of each. Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 The products are one glucose The equation is..... 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 The products are one glucose and 6 oxygen molecules. Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 6 carbons from the air...... Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 are “fixed” into one large glucose molecule Type notes here

This energy comes from the sun. This conversion of free CO2 in the air to a large organic molecule like glucose requires energy... This energy comes from the sun. Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 Sunlight is required to power this chemical reaction. Photosynthesis will not run without sunlight. Just like..... A car will not run without gas. Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight ------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 The equation can also be written this way. Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight ------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis also requires a pigment called chlorophyll. Type notes here

6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight ---------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 chlorophyll You may sometimes see the equation written this way. By putting chlorophyll over the arrow, you imply that the reaction happens only in the presence of chlorophyll. Type notes here

Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight energy and transfers it to chemicals involved in the photosynthetic process. S U N L I G H T C H L O R P Y Type notes here

S U N L I G H T Sunlight contains all the colors of the rainbow. They are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. (Roy G. Biv) S U N L I G H T C H L O R P Y Type notes here

All the colors hit the chlorophyll molecules, but only certain colors are absorbed. G H T C H L O R P Y Type notes here

All the colors hit the chlorophyll molecules, but only certain colors are absorbed. G H T C H L O R P Y Type notes here

All the colors hit the chlorophyll molecules, but only certain colors are absorbed. G H T Reddish colors absorbed C H L O R P Y Greenish colors transmitted Bluish colors absorbed Type notes here

This absorption spectrum of chlorophyll can be represented as a graph. Type notes here

THE CHLOROPLAST Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. A chloroplast is ONLY found in plants and for this reason, plants are the only organisms that perform photosynthesis. A chloroplast contains more parts than just thylakoids. They also contain an inner and outer membrane, grana and stroma. The outer membrane and inner membrane make up the protective covering to the chloroplast The stroma is a gel-like matrix that surrounds the thylakoids. A granum is a stack of thylakoids. Type notes here

The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle Photosynthesis happens in two stages The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle Type notes here

The Light Reactions The light reactions MUST take place in the presence of sunlight. These reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The top layer of the leaf, called the palisade layer, contains the highest concentration of chloroplasts and this is where most photosynthesis occurs. HIGH concentration of chloroplasts Type notes here

The Light Reactions are activated by sunlight. Light passes through the transparent epidermis and hits the green photosynthetic tissues inside the leaf. Type notes here

During the Light Reactions, chlorophyll uses sunlight . During the Light Reactions, chlorophyll uses sunlight energy to break water molecules down into oxygen and hydrogen. O2 (waste product) H2O Type notes here Water is transported to the chloroplasts through the veins from the roots.

Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram: 1. Sunlight and water are absorbed by the chloroplast. Sunlight The Light Reactions H2O 1. Type notes here

Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram: 2. Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. O Sunlight The Light Reactions 2. H2O H+ H+ Type notes here

Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram: 3. Oxygen atoms combine to form O2 3. O2 O O Sunlight The Light Reactions H2O H+ H+ Type notes here

Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram: 4. The hydrogen atoms are picked up by carrier molecules called NADP O2 O O Sunlight The Light Reactions H2O H+ H+ NADP Type notes here 4. NADPH

Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram: 5. ADP is converted to ATP O2 ADP P O O Sunlight The Light Reactions H2O H+ H+ ATP NADP 5. Type notes here NADPH

NADPH and ATP are energy carrier molecules NADPH and ATP are energy carrier molecules. They contain the energy that came from sunlight. O2 ADP P O O Sunlight The Light Reactions H2O H+ H+ ATP NADP Type notes here NADPH

Autotrophs are able to make their ATP from sunlight. ATP is the universal energy molecule used by cells to do work. All cells must make ATP to do anything. Autotrophs are able to make their ATP from sunlight. Heterotrophs make their ATP by extracting energy from food they eat. Type notes here

ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate. Type notes here

ATP contains three phosphate groups. Type notes here

An adenine base... Type notes here

And a ribose sugar. Type notes here

The last phosphate group is held onto the molecule by a high energy covalent bond. Type notes here

When this bond is broken, energy is released along with the phosphate group. When this bond is formed, a phosphate is attached and energy is stored. Type notes here

ADP energy released energy stored Type notes here ATP

ADP energy energy released stored ATP Adenosine diphosphate Type notes here ATP Adenosine triphosphate

The Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle takes in 6 carbons from the air (they are inside CO2 molecules). C O Calvin Cycle Type notes here CO2 molecule

Calvin Cycle The carbon dioxide needed for the carbon cycle enters the leaf through a stomate. Stomates are guarded by guard cells- they open and close the stomate. When the stomate is open, it allows CO2 in and O2 out. Type notes here CO2 (into plant) O2 (out of plant)

Calvin Cycle By using ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions, the Calvin Cycle is able to put the carbon molecules together to from a glucose molecule. NADPH ATP ATP Calvin Cycle NADPH NADPH ATP Type notes here

Calvin Cycle Their energy drained, ADP and NADP leave the Calvin Cycle and are recycled in the light reactions. NADP ADP ADP Calvin Cycle NADP NADP ADP Type notes here

Summary The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle Requires sunlight to take place. Takes in sunlight and water. Produces energy in the form of ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle. Produces the waste product oxygen. Type notes here

Summary The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle Can take place with or without light. Takes in carbon dioxide. Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to fuel the cycle. Produces the final product of glucose. Type notes here