1. Photosynthesis Chapter 8

2. Energy and Life Section 8-1

3. Energy and Life Energy is the ability to do work. All living things use energy stored in chemical compounds to survive. (FOOD) Heterotrophs – eat food to get energy Autotrophs – make their own food from sunlight and inorganic molecules to get energy. When are you not using energy?

4. Chemical Energy and ATP Energy from food is changed into another form cells can use. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – energy molecule of the cell (made by what organelle?) Must break down the foods to generate the ATP. Breaking the bonds between the phosphate atoms will release the energy from ATP. Used ATP is now ADP. (what is ADP?) Energy stored in foods (glucose) will change ADP back into ATP.

5. AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups Section 8-1 ATP The ATP molecule! ( Know this structure)

6. ADPATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + PhosphateAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Section 8-1 Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery ATP being made from ADP! This energy that will be stored into the ATP molecule which comes from food!

8. Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-2

9. Who Were the Scientists? Jan Van Helmont – 1643 1. What do plants take from the soil? 2. Trees gain mass from water not soil. Joseph Priestley – 1771 1. Something in the air kept candle burning. 2. Plants released oxygen. Jan Ingenhouz – 1779 1. Oxygen was only produced by plants in the presence of light.

10. Photosynthesis Equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O -------  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon dioxide + water ------  sugar + oxygen Photosynthesis uses the sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy sugars (glucose)! What will the plant do with the sugar it has made? Generate ATP for cellular processes! Light

11. Light and Pigments Photosynthesis uses pigments in the leaf to obtain sunlight. Pigments absorb and reflect light. Chlorophyll is the green pigment in chloroplasts. Why is it green? Two main types of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Other pigments (red, orange, yellow) are found in Plastids which will absorb energy and transfer to chlorophyll.

12. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b VBG Y OR Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Section 8-2 Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption What wavelengths does chlorophyll work the best in? What wavelengths does chlorophyll not work well in? Which color light would a plant grow best under: Green, red, yellow?

13. Section 8-2 Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

14. The Reactions of Photosynthesis Section 8-3

15. The Chloroplast Structure of Chloroplast: 1. Thylakoids – saclike photosynthetic membrane (they look like pancakes!) a. Contains light absorbing pigments b. Light Dependent reaction occurs here 2. Grana(um) – stacks of thylakoids 3. Stroma – space surrounding the thylakoids a. Calvin cycle occurs here.

17. The Reactions Two reactions run the photosynthesis process: 1. Light-Dependent reaction - sunlight required to run; it is a reactant 2. Calvin Cycle ( aka Light-Independent reaction) - no sunlight required to run - however, needs products of light reaction to run.

18. Light Dependent Reaction Takes place in the thylakoids Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll Electron energy passed to carrier molecule NADP+ to make NADPH. H 2 O is broken down to use H+ ions to convert ADP to ATP by ATP synthase protein. Oxygen atoms released as waste.

19. H 2 O O 2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Section 8-3 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

20. Light Independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle Takes place in the stroma. CO 2 combines a 5 carbon sugar to produce two 3-carbon molecules. Catalyzed by the enzyme RUBISCO. ATP and NADPH from light phase convert the 3-carbon molecules into glucose!

21. H 2 O O 2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Section 8-3 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

22. How is the Rate of Photosynthesis Controlled? Availability of water – lack of water slows process down – plants in warm climates have waxy coating to reduce water loss Temperature – best rate occurs between 0 and 35 degrees Celsius Intensity of light – increasing light intensity increases rate