Chapter 19 Lesson 19.3 & 4 external beam radiation fractionation genetic screening grading of tumors gray (Gy) gross description of tumors Infiltrative invasive linear accelerator malignant tumor Mesenchymal metastasis microscopic description (of tumors) Mitosis mixed-tissue tumors Modality molecularly targeted drugs Morbidity mucinous Mutation neoplasm nucleotide Journal question: Exposure to radiation, poses a risk in itself for increasing the development of cancers. How does cancer therapy reconcile this risk?
Cancer Treatment: Surgery Excisional biopsy Exenteration Fine needle aspiration biopsy Fulguration Incisional biopsy Cauterization Core needle biopsy Cryosurgery En bloc resection What is a debulking procedure? What is adjuvant therapy?
Cancer Treatment: Radiation Therapy (Radiation Oncology) Brachytherapy Electron beams External beam radiation (teletherapy) Fields Fractionation Gray (Gy) Linear accelerator Photon therapy Proton therapy Radiocurable tumor Radioresistant tumor Radiosensitive tumor Radiosensitizers What is normal cell damage referred to in radiation? (morbidity)
Radiation Therapy Side Effects Alopecia (baldness) Fibrosis (increase in connective tissue) Mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes Myelosuppression (bone marrow depression) Nausea and vomiting Pneumonitis Xerostomia (dryness of mouth) Discuss the possible causes of these side effects. Which side effects reverse after treatment is discontinued?
Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, and Differentiating Agents Alkylating agents Antibiotics Antimetabolites Antimitotics Hormonal agents What are common side effects of alkylating agents? How do antibiotic drugs work in cancer therapy? What are antimitotics derived from? Name a particular type of cancer on which hormonal agents might be effective.
Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers They Treat
Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers They Treat (cont’d)
Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents Discuss how the agents might act as carcinogens to normal tissue. How is this true for radiation therapy as well? Discuss new gene-targeted research and drug discovery that might make these old treatments look archaic in the future
Biological Agents Agents that use or fortify the body’s own defenses against tumors (e.g, biological response modifiers/interferon)
Combining Forms Combining Forms follicul/o fung/i medull/o mucos/o mut/a mutagen/o onc/o papill/o pharmac/o plas/o ple/o polyp/o prot/o radi/o sarc/o scirrh/o xer/o alveol/o cac/o carcin/o cauter/o chem/o cry/o cyst/o fibr/o Name three terms in cancer medicine that use one of the above forms. (carcinoma, mutation, radiotherapy)
Suffixes Prefixes ana- -blastoma apo- -genesis brachy- -oma epi- -plasia -plasm -suppression -therapy ana- apo- brachy- epi- meta- tele- Name three words in cancer medicine that contain of one of the above suffixes or prefixes. (neoplasm, histogenesis, sarcoma)
Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat Malignancies Bone marrow biopsy Bone marrow or stem cell transplant CT scans Fiberoptic colonoscopy Exfoliative cytology Laparoscopy Mammography MRI Needle biopsy Radionuclide scans Ultrasound X-rays Describe a bone marrow biopsy and how it can detect cancer. What is exfoliative cytology and what types of cancer does it detect? What is a needle biopsy and what types of cancer can it detect?