KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

straight chain branched chain ring Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures straight chain branched chain ring

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Always contain carbon Contain other elements Made by living organisms (exception: CO and CO2) Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Most are large molecules Most are small molecules with many atoms with few atoms

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic acid

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are exactly twice as many Hydrogen as Oxygen

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Monomer-Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Polymer-Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

Cellulose in a plant’s cell wall Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Cellulose in a plant’s cell wall

ADDITIONAL CARBOHYDRATES NOTES Carbohydrates frequently have isomers Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula Glucose Galactose Fructose

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen There are always more than twice as many hydrogen as oxygen in lipids. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Monomers: fatty acids and glycerol Triglyceride

Lipids have 2 main functions: broken down as a source of long term energy make up cell membranes Examples: animal fats, oils (plants) & waxes

Hormones do more than regulate reproduction. These are brain cells… used to make hormones Hormones do more than regulate reproduction. These are brain cells…

Fats & Oils (Additional Notes on Lipids) Fats & Oils are a major category of lipids.

Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Hydrogenated Fats Types of Fats & Oils There are 3 main types: Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Hydrogenated Fats

Saturated Fats Generally animal fats Examples: butter, shortening, lard Solid at room temperature Full of Hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated Fats Generally found in plants Examples: olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil Liquid at room temperature Missing Hydrogen atoms [Causes double bonds between C atoms]

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids

Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. Polar phosphate “head”- Hydrophilic Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”- Hydrophobic Phospholipid

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and Nitrogen. Monomer: Amino Acid Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in R groups.

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. Function of proteins: Build cell parts Examples of proteins: Hemoglobin Insulin Enzymes (like pepsin)

Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

Additional Protein Notes Proteins are strings of amino acids. The number and order of amino acids makes each enzyme different Enzymes are a special kind of protein Enzymes speed up processes in living things. They help break things down (like in digestion) They help build things (like cell parts)

Because of its structure, an enzyme can attach to only one kind of molecule Substrates Active site substrates (reactants) Substrates bind to an enzyme at places called active sites.

Example of Enzyme working Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called active sites. The catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme. The enzyme brings substrates together and weakens their bonds.

Nucleic acids (like DNA) are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms Monomer: Nucleotides Nucleotides are made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

-DNA stores genetic information. Function: code information Examples: DNA & RNA -DNA stores genetic information. DNA RNA -RNA builds proteins.

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Always contain carbon Contain other elements Made by living organisms (exception: CO and CO2) Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Most are large molecules Most are small molecules with many atoms with few atom

Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids