Rome fought Carthage in the ______ wars Carthage could be found in modern day ____________ (Continent) The first battle took place on this physical feature The second battle took place after Carthage realized Rome did what in Spain? Carthage was finally ruined by what Roman action(s)?

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE LEADERS OF ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

THE GRACCHI BROTHERS… TIBERIUS & GAIUS GRACCHUS BOTH ELECTED TRIBUNE TRIED TO LIMIT POWER OF THE SENATE AND HELP THE POOR BOTH WERE MURDERED!!

HERE BEGINS THE TRADITION OF BLOODY TRANSITIONS OF POWER

CIVIL WARS Who should hold power? Turmoil led to slave uprisings Armies became loyal to commanders, not the state

WHAT IS THE DANGER OF THE ARMY BEING LOYAL TO THE GENERAL?

JULIUS CAESAR: RISE TO POWER Popular general Conquered Gaul Formed First Triumvirate with other generals

JULIUS CAESAR: REFORMS Established colonies Public works projects Gave public land to the poor Extended citizenship

CAESAR NAMED DICTATOR FOR LIFE!!!!!! FIRST TRIUMVIRATE CRASSUS DIES CAESAR & POMPEY AT WAR POMPEY KILLED IN EGYPT CAESAR NAMED DICTATOR FOR LIFE!!!!!!

“Beware of the Ides of March” Senators feared he would want to be king Caesar was stabbed to death in the senate.

Pre-class What happened to the Gracchi brothers? Who was in the First Triumvirate?

OCTAVIAN…aka… AUGUSTUS…aka… CAESAR AUGUSTUS…aka… THE FIRST ROMAN EMPEROR

LEADERS OF ROME SECOND TRIUMVERATE 43 BCE MARC ANTONY OCTAVIAN LEPIDUS

BYE BYE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE OCTAVIAN TOOK WESTERN PART OF EMPIRE DEFEATED ANTONY & CLEOPATRA MARC ANTONY

CAESAR AUGUSTUS (Exalted one) Created civil service to enforce the laws Promotion in government based on merit Census, postal service, roads, coins, public works

THUS BEGINS THE PAX ROMANA “THE ROMAN PEACE” 200 YEARS OF PROSPERITY, WEALTH, CULTURE, LEARNING, ARTS AND OTHER FUN STUFF

JULIAN EMPERORS TIBERUS 14-37 AD, ADOPTED SON OF AUGUSTUS Adopted Germanicus (popular general) and then exiled him out of fear. He was fighting in the east. His wife Agrippina (Augustus’ grandaughter) claimed that he was poisoned. Tiberius moved to island of Capri. Extremely efficient emperor, but not popular. Feared assassination, became paranoid. Persecuted Germanicus’ family: Agrippina was killed, Caligulia’s older brothers were killed. Tiberius appointed Caligulia as heir

JULIAN EMPERORS CALIGULA STARTED OUT WELL LOVE BY ARMY LATER HE BECAME BRUTAL & INSANE PROCLAIMED HIMSELF A GOD & DEAD SISTER A GODDESS MADE HIS HORSE CONSUL

JULIAN EMPERORS CLAUDIUS GOOD RULER POISONED BY WIFE (also his niece)

JULIAN EMPERORS NERO MURDERED WIFE & MOM BLAMED FOR GREAT FIRE IN ROME

JULIAN EMPERORS SUCCESSION WAS ALMOST ALWAYS VIOLENT BECAUSE THERE WERE NO RULES OF SUCCESSION ESTABLISHED

GOOD EMPERORS (or so history has called them) NERVA LOWERED TAXES GAVE LAND TO POOR

GOOD EMPERORS TRAJAN EXPANDED EMPIRE TO LARGEST EXTENT INCLUDING ROMANIA

GOOD EMPERORS HADRIAN CONCERNED WITH DEFENDING EMPIRE’S BORDERS BUILT WALL IN BRITAIN TRAVELED THROUGHOUT EMPIRE

GOOD EMPERORS ANTONIUS PIUS BUILT ROADS & SCHOOLS PROMOTED TRADE

GOOD EMPERORS MARCUS AURELIUS LAST EMPEROR OF PAX ROMANA

WHAT LED TO THE END OF THE PAX ROMANA? PLAGUE FOOD SHORTAGES 167 AD EMPIRE INVADED BY BARBARIANS

Pre-class What happened to Roman soldiers following the wars of expansion?