INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEMISTRY! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpBAmzQ_pUE

What do you already know? Work with a partner to write down ANYTHING you know about: Water Inorganic substances Organic substances Atoms Molecules (It’s ok if you don’t know that much!)

Inorganic and Organic Compounds Inorganic - not made by living things Organic - made by living things - carbon compounds - forms covalent bonds

Properties of Water Great solvent called a universal solvent Helps to digest food and remove waste products Helps with transport in the body

Solute- dissolved substance Solvent- dissolves the solute THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: WATER Solute- dissolved substance Solvent- dissolves the solute Dissolved substance Dissolves the solute http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=DAilC0sjvy0#!

Water is a Polar Compound Hydrogen ends holds slightly positive charges Oxygen end holds a slightly negative charge (+) (+) p+ 1H (--)

Water forms Hydrogen Bonds H+ and O- are attracted to each other

What will water do in space?? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8TssbmY-GM

Properties of Water Cohesion- molecules stick to each other Adhesion- molecules stick to other substances

Properties of Water Surface Tension Insulation - ICE Resists Changes in Temperature -Regulates temps on Earth

Water Properties At Work Water in Space - NASA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8TssbmY-GM

Properties of Water Why is cohesion and adhesion important to living things?

http://www. youtube. com/watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVT3Y3_gHGg&list=SP3EED4C1D684D3ADF&index=2 Crash course

pH SCALE and ACIDS and BASES! Think silently…write down what you already know about the pH scale, acids and bases! Now share with a partner and make your list longer!

pH SCAle Low pH (<7) = Acid 7 = neutral High pH (>7) = Base Measures the amount of Hydrogen Ions (H+) in a solution as compared to Hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution. Low pH (<7) = Acid 7 = neutral High pH (>7) = Base

pH scale and hydrogen ions

pH scale and hydrogen ions (H+) The more acidic the solution, the more hydrogen ions (H+) there are! Go up by powers of 10 (10x!) each pH level… Ex: pH of 2 has 10x more hydrogen ions than a pH of 3!

pH scale and hydronium ions (OH-) The more BASIC the solution, the more hydronium ions (OH-) there are! Go up by powers of 10 (10x!) each pH level… Ex: pH of 12 has 10x more hydrogen ions than a pH of 11!

pH in the body Human blood- 7.4 Stomach juice- 2.0

Organic compounds are carbon compounds, made by living things

Carbon is the Central Atom of Life. glucose amino acids fat

To Understand the BIG, You’d Better Know the LITTLE (and how small and big are linked)

Organic Molecules Macromolecules are built by linking a set of building blocks (monomers) together into long chains (a polymer). Monomers – basic units that repeats over and over in organic compounds Each hexagon is this figure is a monomer, building blocks linked together to form a polymer.

Types of Reactions Reactants- substances required for a reaction, the starting materials Products- substances that are made during a reaction Reactants Products

CONDENSATION / DEHYDRATION REACTIONS CONDENSATION REACTIONS (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS) Joining molecules together by removing water (-H and –OH are removed to make a water molecule) C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O GLUCOSE GLUCOSE MALTOSE WATER

REACTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS Water is added to break apart molecules C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 MALTOSE WATER GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

What kind of reaction is this? Condensation

What kind of reaction is this? Hydrolysis

What kind of reaction is this? Condensation

Molecules of Life How do you build a cell? Start with water, add lots of small carbon-containing molecules and ……. Four Major Classes of Biological Molecules

FOUR TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Common names CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS AND STARCHES LIPIDS FATS, OILS, AND WAXES PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA AND RNA (GENETIC MATERIAL)

CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTS – C, H AND O MONOMER = MONOSACCHARIDE MAIN FUNCTION QUICK ENERGY SOME STORAGE Animals- glycogen Plants- starch Cellulose

CARBOHYDRATES Other facts 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen One sugar C6H12O6 monosaccharide Two sugars C12H22O11 disaccharide Many sugars- polysaccharide

LIPIDS ELEMENTS: C, H and O MONOMER = Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids MAIN FUNCTION Storage Energy reserves Cell membranes FA Glycerol FA FA

LIPIDS Other facts Insoluble in water - Hydrophobic Most Common Lipid - Shaped like an elongated E

Other types of Lipids….

PROTEINS ELEMENTS: C, H, O and N MONOMER: Amino Acids FUNCTIONS Basic building blocks of living material Hair, Muscles, Fingernails Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions Transport in cell

PROTEINS 20 different Amino acids Each amino acid has a different R- or Residual group

PROTEINS Forms peptide bonds between amino acids 1 amino acid- amino acid 2 amino acids- dipeptide Many amino acids- polypeptide

NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material Controls the cells activities ELEMENTS: C, H, O, N and P MONOMER: Nucleotide FUNCTIONS: DNA and RNA Genetic material Controls the cells activities

DNA- carries the genetic code RNA- carries out the instructions

Organic molecules Video 14 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0&list=SP3EED4C1D684D3ADF

ENZYMES CATALYSTS FOR BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS- speeds up a reaction MOST ARE PROTEINS LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED TO CARRY OUT A REACTION INCREASES THE RATE OF REACTIONS

Enzymes

Enzymes

Enzymes

Activation energy http://www.ryancshaw.com/Files/micro/Animations/Enzyme-Substrate/micro_enzyme-substrate.swf

ENZYME ACTION: LOCK & KEY MODEL SUBSTRATE- SUBSTANCE AN ENZYME ACTS UPON ACTIVE SITE- REGION WHERE SUBSTRATE AND ENZYME BONDS TOGETHER PRODUCT IS RELEASED ENZYME IS UNCHANGED

ENZYME FUNCTION Substrate Active Site http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

ENZYME FUNCTION + Active site Amino acids Enzyme (E) Enzyme-substrate complex (E-S) Internal rearrangements leading to catalysis Dipeptide product (P) Free enzyme (E) Substrates (S) Peptide bond H2O + Figure 2.21

Enzyme Activity http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html http://www.biotopics.co.uk/other/enzyme.html

FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION TEMPERATURE LITTLE ACTIVITY AT LOW TEMPS RATE INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE MOST ACTIVE TEMP IN HUMANS (37ºC) ACTIVITY LOST WITH DENATURATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE pH Concentration of substrate/enzyme

TEMPERATURE AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION OPTIMUM TEMP RATE OF REACTION LOW HIGH TEMPERATURE