1. Water, Carbon Chemistry, and Macromolecules Review

2. How does the density of frozen water help organisms living within a lake in cold temperatures?
When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.

3. What is a polar covalent bond? Give an example.
Bond with uneven distribution of
electrical charges; water

4. 4 valence electrons allow it to form complex and diverse molecules.
Why is carbon special?
4 valence electrons allow it to form complex and diverse molecules.

5. Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.
Define cohesion.
Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.

6. Define adhesion.
Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>Water sticking to the sides of a glass.

7. What is an isomers? Give an example.
Substances with the same molecular formulas but different structure. For example,
C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C-S | |
C S

8. What are the two ways to make and break polymers?
hydrolysis is the addition of water to break a chemical bond. For example, maltose + water  glucose + glucose dehydration synthesis is the removal of water to make a chemical bond. For example, glucose + glucose  maltose + water

9. What is a glycosidic bond?
Covalent bond between two monosaccharides

10. Covalent bond between two amino acids
What is a peptide bond?
Covalent bond between two amino acids

11. List the four types of macromolecules.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic acids
4. Proteins

12. What is the pH scale. On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid
What is the pH scale? On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid? Of a base?
Measures the strength and weakness of acids and bases. Acids are below 7, bases are above 7.

13. What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
a single unit; many units

14. What is the building block of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, such as glucose

15. What are the two types of energy storage polysaccharides?
Starch & glycogen

16. What are Coconut and olive oil examples of?
Lipids

17. Give an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA & RNA

18. What type of molecule is H2O?
Polar covalent

19. water expands when it freezes and becomes ice
When does water expand?
water expands when it freezes and becomes ice

20. What is surface tension?
cohesion on the surface of water

21. On the pH scale a substance with a pH of 2 is more ____________than a substance with a pH of 5.
acidic

22. On the pH scale, what does a pH of 7 indicate?
neutral

23. What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids

24. What are the monomers of DNA & RNA?
nucleotides

25. What is the general composition of a protein. (i. e
What is the general composition of a protein? (i.e. name of monomers, polymers and bonds)
amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains

26. What are the different types of polysaccharides??
cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

27. What is the general composition of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides such as glucose linked together by glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharides

28. What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy and structure

29. What are the functions of proteins?
transport(Ex>hemoglobin), act as enzymes, hair, nails, and muscle, help fight disease (antibodies)

30. What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store and transmit hereditary information

31. What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?
saturated fats have no double bonds in fatty acid chains, are solid at room temperature unsaturated fats have double bonds in fatty acid chains, are liquid at room temperature

32. What are the functions of fats?
long-term energy storage, shock absorber for internal organs, provide insulation

33. Define a solute, a solvent, and a solution.
solute - the substance being dissolved solvent - what the solute is dissolved in solution = solute + solvent

34. What is the strongest base? Weakest base? Strongest acid? Weakest acid?
strongest acid - battery acid; weakest acid - milk
strongest base - household lye; weakest base - blood

35. Because electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom in a water molecule, what partial charge does oxygen acquire?
negative

36. 3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid
What is the structure of a fat? What class of macromolecules do fats belong to?
3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid

37. What is the formula of a single sugar?
C6H12O6